The main genre depicts Byzantine mosaics.
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Vidminno
During the Byzantine era, painting became the main type of image-making art in the Skhidno-Roman and Roman Empires (with perhaps a new type of sculpture).
The main forms of Roman-Byzantine Orthodox painting: monumental temple painting (mosaics and frescoes), iconography (including porcelain paintings with enamel and gold embroidery) and book miniatures.
The most miraculous artistic creations of this era, known to most mystical scholars, were mosaics.
Finely colored cubes of smalt (alloy of glass with mineral farbs), from which images are laid, move, sparkle, shimmer, and add light. Maistry-mosaics are able to create miraculous little effects from the peculiarities of smalt, almost exactly roiling the fall of the light and robbing the surface of the mosaic, which is not entirely smooth, but rather bristly. Sometimes the surface of the smalt cubes was faceted, as, for example, on the mosaics at the Catholicon (main church) of the monastery of Hosios Loukas in Greece, created in the 11th century.
Wall, mosaic, catholicon of the monastery of Osios/Hosios Loukas, near Phocis, Greece
The power is poured into the gaze and the preservation of the mosaic is significant, below the fresco, although the hour of creation is approximately the same.
Entry of the Lord to Jerusalem, fresco, monastery
Hosios/Hosios Lucas,
Greece, XI century.
The sacred horns of the white cordons of the territory of the palace, behind the transfers - the throne of King Minos - the right-hand man.
Play – play with creatures.
Games with dolphins, mosaic Tauromachy - games with beak, mosaic
Malovnich mystery of antiquity ( Ancient Greece that of Ancient Rome) is also represented by marvelous frescoes and mosaics.
Famous frescoes have been preserved in the Villa of Mysteries near the entrance to Pompeii.
On the red walls of the natural world, people are represented by the participants of the saint dedicated to the god Bacchus/Dionysus.
Pompeii.
Villa Mystery.
100-15 rub.
In the fresco “Spring” from the site of Stabii, near Pompeii, Italy, the maiden who symbolizes spring (the goddess Flora?) recedes, looking into the depths of the expanse of flowering onions.
The left hand has a sense of prosperity, and the right hand gently touches the knuckles.
Her chestnut hair, golden-yellow cape and russet tone of her bare shoulders harmonize with the bright green background, and the lightness of the girl’s hands, which never melt in the wind, creates the basis of the boy’s composition of the fresco.
Spring, Stabius, Pompeii, fresco
Landscape paintings are often painted on fresco paintings: parks, gardens, harbors, winding river banks.
There are enough good frescoes to fill a small album, so I ask you, friends, I’ll put them all together, just a little later.
The Greeks called mosaic images dedicated to the muses.
Mosaics and frescoes became part of the Christian church in the first century AD.
Christians endowed these images with a new symbolic place: the palm frond is an indispensable attribute of imperial triumphs - a symbol of heavenly bliss, the grapevine is the sacrament of the Eucharist, bread and wine are the rebirth in the flesh and blood of Christ, Orpheus - Christ, and Psyche.
For the new barbarian powers, which emerged from the streets of the Western Roman Empire and kowtowed before the culture of the great Rome, it was especially important that the mosaic was deprived of the ancient way of depiction in temples, which indicated the decline of traditions savings of the descendants of the Continental Roman Empire.
In addition, the Romans at that time could afford to cover most of the walls, the inner surfaces of domes and crypts, pillars and columns with miraculous mosaics, and this not hostility towards other peoples.
The great cultural center of the Roman Empire, where many Christian mosaics were preserved near the temples and tombs, Ravenna is the abode of great shadows.
Everything that is weak, everything that is perishable,
I praised you for centuries.
You, as if you were unable to speak, are sleeping, Equally,
In sleepy eternity in my hands.
From the cycle of Italian poems by A. Blok.
Ravenna has been beautiful for a long time.
Ravenna has a unique complex of monuments from the 5th-7th centuries, the turning point when Rome and Byzantium, antiquity and the Middle Ages came together.
The banner of their close alliance is the mausoleum of Galli Placidia, daughter of Emperor Theodosius the Great, Ravenna, Italy, first half of the 5th century.
Mausoleum of Galya Placidia: a sacred appearance from the outside, a sacred appearance from the interior Dense, weakly lightened, decorated in the middle with marvelous mosaics, which it is important to say can be traced back to the Roman-Hellenistic past or the Byzantine-Middle Ages of today. Due to Christian traditions, the decoration of the temple and mausoleum is meant to convey two worlds: the real and the spiritual, the territorial and the underground. More creative mysticism The first role played here was the creation of divine images, confidently and cheerfully walking to the backyard, taking the believer from
real world
The mosaics of the mausoleum do not have a golden, but a blue background: from the densely shimmering blue, the statues of Christian martyrs and saints draped in white emerge in an antique manner, gold sparkles glow, Kazan landscapes spread out across the paradise with red poppies, golden deer and birds, de arches, and in the dome there is a cross and a dawning sky.
This mosaic symbolizes the triumph of Christ over death, His absolute power over the created world.
paradise at the mausoleum of Galya Placidia, mosaic, Cross and Dawning Sky - mosaic at the dome.
The sobriety and darkness are enhanced by the natural light from the windows, painted in the lunettes and crypts.
A lunette is a part of the wall in the shape of a curved wall, surrounded by an archivolt and at the bottom by a horizontal cornice.
Closely related concepts: desudeport, zakomara, kokoshnik, pediment.
light window in the lunette of the mausoleum of Galya Placidia
And the walls in the lunette above the entrance, in the middle, the place of the daily window, will be filled with a mosaic of the Good Shepherd, which sits similarly to the lightened window.
The image of Christ is a refined Hellenistic version of “The Good Shepherd in the Garden of Eden.”
On the entire earthly landscape, under the brilliant cloudy sky, Christ, the youthful, beardless shepherd, who recalls the laudable Orpheus of ancient myths, aka in a golden robe, actually sits on the hump, whose crossed legs stick out to the ground and are clearly visible And from my feet, swollen by the sandal .
Along the green grass there are women walking (white sheep are symbols of the souls of the righteous), and one of them extends his hand.
Above the head of Christ there is a halo, an antique comb, clearly hand-painted, embossed, topped with fried rice - all the elements are clearly decayed from antiquity.
Another miraculous complex of mosaics is at the Church of San Apollinare Nuovo, founded by King Theodoric, in the 6th century.
at Rivny.
San Apolinare Nuovo, front view and interior.
On the entire earthly landscape, under the brilliant cloudy sky, Christ, the youthful, beardless shepherd, who recalls the laudable Orpheus of ancient myths, aka in a golden robe, actually sits on the hump, whose crossed legs stick out to the ground and are clearly visible And from my feet, swollen by the sandal .
Another image of the Good Shepherd in the Church of San Apollinare Nuovo: All the believers feel Christ, but his hands are raised in a blessing gesture, and his gaze is straight in the distance.
Another mosaic “The Miracle of Loaves and Fishes” from the same church of San Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, created in 504, no less than a century ago.
There are also images of a young Jesus Christ, beardless, still human (before the crucifixion), which confirms the color of the halo on his head - a green halo with a golden color.
Green color is a symbol of incomplete development and transformation, gold color conveys images and information to another spiritual world.
Ale Christ is wearing a purple and gold smudge dress.
Violet color is a symbol of transcendental light, deep confinement in the grave.
In full conformity with the canon, symmetrically on the sides of Christ, two pairs of brothers are depicted, who met on the lake: Yakov with Ivan and Peter with Andriy (this mosaic is also called “Monster Catch” ").
The largest number of mosaics is preserved in the Church of San Vitali, Ravenna, Italy, built by Emperor Justinian in the 6th century.
This was the imperial court church, which explains the diversity of themes and backgrounds in each image.
Moreover, there is a certain peculiarity: the subjects on green, blue-black and rare white backgrounds are completely Christian, and the colors of the backgrounds date back to late antiquity.
The green hues are more important, and the gold hues are tied with the mosaics of the present day.
Basilica of San Vitali, front view, facade, interior of the central nave and apse
Basilica of San Vitali, interior of the transept and crypt, stitch mosaics on the pillars and arches
Two mosaics on contemporary walls – two processes.
One is beloved by Emperor Justinian, the other by Empress Theodora.
All posts, however, are behind the scenes, emperors are seen with a purple robe, crowns and halos.
The Innocence and Sacrifice of Abraham, mosaic
In the 7th century, Byzantine painting rose as one of the greatest treasures.
View of the Church of the Assumption in Nikeya, Turechchyna, built in this century and built during the Greco-Turkish War of 1917-22, only photographs and fragments of mosaics have been preserved.
One of the fragments that have been preserved is a sculptured figure with ensigns and orbs in their hands, in the luxurious garb of court guards.
The extraordinary appearances of these war angels are reminiscent of the ancient ideal of beauty - soft ovals, classic proportions, a small sensitive mouth, a thin nose, and a hypnotizing, saw-like gaze.
The stench of Vikonan in a soft-blooming manner, which suggests impressionistic.
Olive, rye, pale bouquet and white smalt cubes are crushed “carelessly”, which is actually a perfectly accurate pattern of famous mosaic masters: on the surface the stench is angry and creates the illusion of a gentle living thing ku.
angel Dunamis., mosaic fragment from the ancient crypt of the Church of the Assumption in Niku, Turecchina
This thorough analysis of “spiritualized sensitivity”, however, reveals nothing melodious about real human feelings and experiences.
Her spirituality is impartial, and her sensitivity is bodiless.
Covering spherical curved surfaces with mosaics, master mosaicists discovered that light ornaments and figures appeared prominently hanging forward, near the real expanse of the interior.
Both the Greeks under Hellenism and the Romans used mosaics to decorate walls.In this case, the material most often stagnated is marmur.
Early Christian wall mosaic compositions have practically no precedents.The stinks were made from smalt.
In plain with marmur, this cubic, non-permeable surface produced richly brighter colors and richer shades.
The main characteristic features of Byzantine mosaics
The main important figures of early Christian mosaics include:
.
vikoristan smalti as the main material for the panel;
direct set and clarity of clear contours in the painting;
correct proportions of human bodies;
brightness farb.
The mosaics of Byzantium used green, soft blue, bright blue, erysipelas, pale lilac and red colors on their panels.The images of 20 saints were laid out on the crypt by masters.
Only the images of the martyr Stephen, the prophet Izekiel and the emperor Kostyantin have been preserved to this day.
On the side walls near the lunettes there were mosaic images of the 12 apostles and 4 Byzantine patriarchs.The central one is the image of the Savior, painted near the main dome of the temple.
Yogo is forced to stand and is placed in a medallion.
Suvory pantocrator of the sky looks at the earth from the heavens. The medallion is decorated with archangels (more than one has been saved). The drum has images of the apostles, and on the steps there are evangelists.
The Mother of God Oranta is inscribed above the head banner.
Just as the Savior symbolizes the heavenly church, so the Virgin Mary represents the earthly church in the temple.
It was nearly a century ago that Byzantium created a marvelous material called smalt.
According to ancient retellings, the Byzantines themselves revealed the unique power of rock, which gains unprecedented importance when various metals are added to molten fractional rock.
This is how smalt came out - a scrap with a house of gold, honey, mercury in various relationships.
Leather-coated metal provided the perfect color for the mosaic blocks, which were manually pressed into geometric shapes with the help of simple tools.
This is how the Byzantine mosaic came about - an exclusive type of art that is painted with additional smalti.
"Rodzinka" in Byzantine style
The special feature of such mosaics in churches was the creation of a luxurious golden background, which is quilted in most canvases. When they called for the maister to lay down, they set up a straight set, when a single golden field came out, which looked miraculous in the daylight, and seemed “alive” in the hidden candle lights. This effect was created by the use of shades and a light mirror on golden smalt.
“Byzantium created a brilliant culture, perhaps the most brilliant one that only the Middle Ages knew, certainly one, as until the 11th century.
Found in Christian Europe.
Constantinople, deprived of its wealth to become the one great place of Christian Europe, did not know its peers in writing.
With its literature and mysticism, Byzantium exerted a significant influence on many peoples.
The monuments that were lost from her, and the great works of mystique, show us all the splendor of Byzantine culture.
Therefore, Byzantium occupied an average and well-deserved place in history” (Sh. Dil “Main problems of the Byzantine Empire”).
Byzantine artistic culture became the ancestor of various national cultures, for example, ancient Russian culture.
The Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) was formed at 395 rubles. heir to the residual part of the Roman Empire after the death of Emperor Theodosius I at the end of the century.
After 80 years, the Western Roman Empire ended its existence, and Byzantium became the historical, cultural and civilized advance of Ancient Rome for about 10 centuries.
At 1453 rub. The Byzantine Empire remained under the pressure of the Ottomans (Ottoman Empire). The permanent capital and civilized center of the Byzantine Empire was Constantinople, one of the largest cities in the middle world. In the Pauden Slavic languages it was called Tsargorod.
Officially renamed to Istanbul in 1930. Justinian I. Mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) The position of the most powerful Mediterranean power, Byzantium, fell to Emperor Justinian I (527-565).
Zagalny characteristic of the Byzantine image-creating mysticism І-ІІІ Art.-
early Christian period (Period of pre-Byzantine culture). IV-VII Art.
- early Byzantine period.
It was called the “golden centuries” of Emperor Justinian I (527-565). VIII-ear of the IX century.-
Iconoclastic period
From the first days of its founding, Byzantium began to build great disputes.
Before the Greco-Roman elements of mysticism and architecture, there were similar developments.
During the entire period of the founding of the Byzantine Empire, many miraculous monuments were created in all regions of the Converging Empire.
Dosi in the mystique of Virmenia, Russia, Italy, France, in Arabic and in Turkish mystique are woven with Byzantine motifs. 
Features of Byzantine architecture The forms of Byzantine architecture were reflected in ancient architecture.
Even Byzantine architecture gradually changed them throughout the 5th century.
virobilized its own type of sporud. Great price of the temple sporudi. Its main feature was the dome covering the middle part (central dome system).
The dome was already known from pagan Rome in Syria, but there it was placed on a round base.
The first Byzantines erected a central dome over the base of a square and rectangular plan, supported by so-called windows.
Vitrilny
- Part of the crypt, element of the dome structure.
Through the winder there is a transition from the straight-cut base to the domed overlap or drum.
The glass takes the shape of a spherical tricote, with its apex pointing downwards.
The bases of the spherical three-pieces of the ceiling create a circle and distribute the design of the dome along the perimeter of the arches.
In the middle of the Byzantine churches, near the middle dome space, behind the porch of the ancient side, there was a choir-type gallery (the upper open gallery or balcony in the middle of the church, that is, on the same level as the other one above in the main hall).
Kolishny Orthodox Cathedral, now a mosque, nini – a museum;
A worldwide visible monument of Byzantine architecture, a symbol of the “golden age” of Byzantium.
The official name of the monument today is the Hagia Sophia Museum.
After a thousand years, the St. Sophia Cathedral near Constantinople lost the largest temple in the Christian world (until the establishment of St. Peter's Cathedral near Rome).
The height of St. Sophia Cathedral is 55.6 m, the diameter of the bathhouse is 31 m.
Church of Saint Irina near Constantinople (Istanbul)
Introduces something new for the VI century.
type of basilica in the shape of a cross.
The vestibule of the church is paved with a mosaic of the hours of Justinian.
In the middle there is a sarcophagus, which, according to legend, contains the remains of Kostyantin (Roman emperor).
After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. The church was converted into a mosque and no significant changes were made to its external appearance.
After all, the Church of St. Irine is the only church in the city, which has retained its primary atrium (a spacious, high area at the entrance to the church).
Today's interior of the church Painter.
The main type of painting is iconography.
Icon painting developed, importantly, from the Byzantine Empire and the countries that accepted the similar branch of Christianity - Orthodoxy.
Icon painting came from Christianity first to Bulgaria, then to Serbia and Russia.
Sculpture did not develop particularly well in the Byzantine Empire, because
This church was not very nicely erected before the statues, respecting them with respect to the singing world of idolatry.
Sculptural images became especially intolerant after the praise of the Nicaea Cathedral of 842 rubles. – the stench was completely emanating from the cathedrals.
Therefore, the sculpture was no longer able to decorate sarcophagi, ornamental reliefs, palettes for books, judges, etc. The material for them was a huge elephant brush. Porphyrian tetrarchs
Chotiri tetrarchs - A sculptural composition made of dark red porphyry (dark red, purple hirsky breed), mounted in the ancient façade of the Venetian Cathedral of San Marco. The statue of the boule was made in the first half of the 4th century. It was part of the Philadelfeion of Constantinople (one of the most important squares of Constantinople), which was created in order from the Kostiantina Column (the current square of Cemberlitash). Vidomy
Diptych Barberina
– Byzantine virib from ivory tassel, Viconian
antique style
.
This depiction of the imperial triumph dates back to the first half of the 6th century, and the emperor is identified with Anastasius I or, more accurately, Justinian I.
Diptych of Barberini (V-VI centuries)
Decorative mysticism The bulges were cut on the right, the processing of metals, including hammering and castings in relief.(golden vіvtar).
Next to the small iconostasis with miniatures in the technique of partitioned enamel, which adorns the head of the Venetian Cathedral of St.
Brand.
Pala d'Oro
The iconostasis contains a variety of miniatures.
Miniature from images of Christ
They made jewelry from Byzantium.
Hoop, black gold (Byzantium)
These mosaics have different purposes, different technologies, and seem to sound different. In the first case we are tolerated by the divine light, in the other we are deprived of the grace of mosaics in the earthly light.
Mosaic.:
Hagia Sophia near Constantinople.
Roman mosaic.
Byzantine mosaic
- The most ancient elements of Byzantine mosaics that have been preserved date back to the III-IV centuries, and two periods of development fall on the VI-VII centuries (golden century) and IX-XIV (after the iconoclasm - Macedonian century) nya, conservatism of communities and paleologian renaissance).
4. Technology: the elements were laid on a cut pattern up to the wall and a slightly uneven surface, which allowed the light (daylight and candles) to beat in the colored smalt and give a distinct haze over the mosaic.
The mosaics were laid using the direct set method, and the laid skin element had its own unique surface and its position similar to other elements and the base.
A single and already living golden field was created, which flowed both during natural illumination and when illuminated by candles. The uniqueness of the shades of color and the variations of light on the golden background created the effect of the whole picture, the people were transported by the divine light. 5. The shape of mosaic elements - most importantly cubes - the very compositions with carefully placed smaller and larger cubes, however, based on the size of the cubes, created the glory of Byzantine mosaics.
6. Functions: visual details came first (
head element
artistic decorations of cathedrals, tombs, basilicas).
7. The peculiarity of Byzantine mosaics in temples was the use of a marvelous golden background.
Gold is divinely bright.
8. The Byzantine masters became familiar with the technical technique of shaping the contours of bodies, objects, objects. 
The outline is laid out in one row of cubes and elements on the side of the figure or object, and also in one row on the side of the background. 
The even line of such contours gave clarity to the images on the fly. 
XII Art.
Christ Pantocrator
Mosaics of Ravenna.
Mausoleum of Galli Placidia.
"Garden of Eden" - mosaic on the stele
The cross and the dawning sky are a mosaic in the dome.
This mosaic demonstrates the triumph of Christ over death, His absolute control over the created world.
Mosaic "Christ - the Good Shepherd".
The image of Jesus is not at all canonical.
Deer piti z dzherela.
The plot of the mosaic is inspired by the verses of Psalm 41: “As a deer longs for streams of water, so does my soul long for Thee, O God!”
.
Mosaics in the Church of San Vitali
The color is divine, the color truly shines.
Versh Byzantine mosaics
The smalt has a similar mosaic,
Without the joys of earthly butt
Priyshov Suvory century.
I God's image
Having become a canon, marvel at the conch* apse.
The regulations cover the living standards,
Ale rozkish farb will revolutionize Rome.
The artist is a hrobak in front of a wall painting,
Without a name, although the temple was created by him.
Beneath the crypt, the blessing shines,
Saints stand in shining robes,
How do the guards of the royal towns believe** -
A rank of guard soldiers.
The spirit of life in Europe was better
The colorful frescoes of gloomy churches.
05/20/2011 Volodymyr Gogolitsin
*Concha - the dome of the apse in the middle of the church.
** In early Romanesque Byzantine churches near the main hall
The place of the head of the state was restored.
ROMAN mosaic
The oldest mosaic elements of the Roman style, found during archaeological excavations, date back to the 4th century BC.
And during the rise of the Roman Empire, mosaics became the most widespread method of interior decoration, both palaces and large baths and private atriums.
Important features:
1. Meta: respect the beauty (beauty) and functionality, durability.
2. Trivial mosaics with volumetric shapes.
3. Material: priority is given to marmur and natural stones.
The color of the stone is matte, muted, unclear, and does not give the glow that is typical of Byzantine mosaics.
7. Roman mosaics have a powerful ease of communication and, at the same time, an emphasis on luxury and wealth.
In contrast to the penetrating and monumental images of Byzantine mosaics, which would be created later, the Roman mosaic is more everyday and, at the same time, beautifully decorative, Christmastide.
Fist fighters.
Old Roman mosaic
On the banks of the Nilu. 
Ancient Roman mosaic
