The main products of ancient Greek culture. Culture of ancient Greece

Culture Ancient Greece was founded in the 28th century. BC i to the middle of II. BC It is also called antique - to bring back the sight of other ancient cultures, and Ancient Greece itself - Hellas, the Greeks themselves called their country so. The most recent development of this ancient Greek culture reached in the V-IV centuries. BC, becoming a vinyatkovy, unique and rich in why not overturned phenomenon in the history of light culture.

The rozkvit of the culture of Old Hellady, showing the marvelous floorings, which calls out to the depths of the burial and gives an idea to talk about the real riddle of the “Greek miracle”. The essence of which diva we are in front of the one who only the Greek people may at once and practically in all the galleys of culture far away reach the unbelievable heights. Zhoden other people - not before, not after - did not think of doing anything like that.

Giving such a high estimate to the reach of the Hellenes, it should be clarified that the stench was placed in the Egyptians and Babylonians, why, having taken the Greek places of Asia Minor - Miletus, Ephesus, Halikarnassus, they served as their own victories, vіdkritim on Skhіdkrit. However, all the later stench victorious sooner as a new material, bringing yoga to classical forms and correct thoroughness.

And as the Greeks were not the first, then the stench was the best, moreover, the floorings, which are rich in parameters, and today are overwhelmed with such. Another clarification is worth the fact that in the depths of the economy and the material vibrations of the successes of the Hellenes, perhaps, they were not so hostile. However, even here the stench not only did not give in to their current co-workers, but they reversed them, about the victory in the Persian wars, but the stench did not exude so much in number, as in mind and mind. Truth be told, Sparta gave in to the plan of Athena, the colossus of democracy, for the whole way of life was viable. Other areas of suspіlnogo life and especially spiritual culture, then the Greeks did not know their peers in everything.

Hellas has become the fatherland of all current forms of power and rule, and nasampered - the republics and democracies, the most recent rozkvіt of such falling on the fates of the reign of Perikles (443-429 BC). Greece is ahead clearly saw two vidi pratsi - physical and sensible, the first of them to be respected by an unworthy person and a share of a half-day slave, just like the other one is only a good free person.

Although the local powers founded in other ancient civilizations, the Greeks themselves had such a type of organization of prosperity, which they adopted policy form, with the greatest strength, revealing all of their perevag. The Greeks far away ate the sovereign and private forms of power, collective and individual interests. So the stink itself pitted the aristocracy against the republic, expanding the values ​​of aristocratic ethics. magnificence principle, Pragnennya be the first and the best, dominating the one in the fight and the honest fight, - on all the citizens of the police.

Smagalnost became the basis of the whole way of life of the Hellenes, it permeated all її spheres, including Olympic Games, a dispute, a battlefield, or a theatrical stage, if a sprinkling of authors took the fate of Svyatkov's vistavs, they brought their p'esi to the court, from which the best was chosen.

Polisna democracy, which turned on despotic power, allowed the Greeks to enjoy the spirit of the whole world freedom, for them it was the greatest value. For her sake, the stench was ready for death. The stench marveled at slavery with deep anger. About tse to remember the myth about Prometheus, who did not want to be a slave in the position of Zeus himself, the head deity of the Hellenes, and paid for his will with a martyr's death.

Way of life of ancient Greeks it is impossible to reveal without recognizing that month, as if borrowed from them gra. The stinks loved the gru. That is why they are called right children. However, gra for them was not a mere pastime, but a way to beat the hour. Vaughn permeated all types of activity, including the most serious ones. The game cob helped the Greeks to uniquely prose of life and rough pragmatism. Gra caused it to the point where, if you could, the stench would take away your satisfaction with the malt.

The way of life of the Hellenes was also signified by such values, like truth, beauty is good, yakі perebuvali at the close unity. The Greeks had a special understanding of “kalokagatiya”, which meant “beautifully good”. "Truth" was close to that understanding before what it means Russian word“Truth-justice”, tobto. it went beyond the borders of "truth-istiny", true knowledge, and swelled the moral value of the vimir.

Not less important is not enough for the Greeks peace, yaka indistinctly appeared with proportion, peace, harmony, and order. Vіd Demokrіta dіyshla vіdoma maxim: “Beautiful overhead at everything." He wrote over the entrance to the temple of Apollo in Delphi, calling out: "Nothing too late." The Greeks, from one side, vvazhali authority an indispensable attribute of a person: at once, from the second power of the Hellenes, having spent the mustache of the hromada and political rights, ceasing to be a free person. At one hour, the exercise of wealth was sued. The peculiarity was noted in architecture, the Greeks did not create, like before the Egyptians, gigantic spores, their spores were proportional to the abilities of the human spirit, the stench was not disdained by the people.

By the ideal of the Greeks, the bula was harmoniously destined, a free person, beautiful in soul and body. The molding of such a person is thought out without care lighting system and lighting. which included two directly - “gymnastic” and “music”. Physical perfection was the first method. The fate of the Olympic Games became the pinnacle, and those who overcome them felt the glory of that shano. At the hour of the Olympian Igors, the battles were pinned down. Musichny, chi humanitarny, directly conveyed the knowledge of all types of mysticism, the development of scientific disciplines and philosophy, including rhetoric, tobto. vminnya speak beautifully, conduct a dialogue, that super girl. Must see vihovannya lay on the principle of magic.

Everything was shattered Greek polis Vinyatkovym, a unique phenomenon in the history of humankind. The Greeks accepted the policy as the greatest blessing, not showing their life posture with frames, they were patriots who did it.

Truth, pride in one’s own polis and patriotism took the form of Greek cultural ethnocentrism, for which the Hellenes called the people from it “barbarians”, marveled at them wildly. For the sake of such a policy, having given the Greeks everything they need, to bring out the originality in all culture, to create all those that create a “Greek wonder”.

Almost in all areas, the Greeks hung "fathers-founders", as if they were beginning to form their modern forms. We're in front of you philosophy The Greeks were the first to create the current form of philosophy, creating religion and mythology, beginning to explain the world from itself, not rushing to the aid of the gods, emerging from the first elements, which for them were water, earth, fire, fire.

Thales became the first Greek philosopher, for whom water became the basis of all things. The pinnacles of Greek philosophy were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The transition from the religious-mythological view of light to the philosophical mind of reason, meaning a fundamental change in the development of the human mind. Philosophy at that time became modern, like a method - scientific and rational, and a way of thinking, which relied on the logic of that proof. Gretsky the word "philosophy" may have gone to all the language.

You can say the same about other sciences and in the first place about mathematics. Pythagoras, Euclid and Archimedes are the founders of both mathematics itself and the main mathematical disciplines - geometry, mechanics, optics, hydrostatics. AT astronomy Aristarchus of Samos was the first to hang the idea of ​​heliocentrism, behind which the Earth is collapsing like the unbreakable Sun. Hippocrates, becoming the founder of the present clinical medicine, Herodotus is rightfully respected by the father history like science. The “poetics” of Aristotle is the first fundamental practice, which the modern theoretician of science cannot bypass.

Approximately the same situation occurs in the gallery of the art. May all the genres of modern art originated in Ancient Hellas, and many of them reached the classical forms and the most equal. Stay in Persh Cherga to see sculptures, de Greeks rightly see palm tree. Її represent the whole galaxy of the great maestrіv on choli z Fіdієm.

So it's worth it to literature and її genres - epic, poetry. A special meritorious vision of the Greek tragedy, which has reached the greatest equal. A lot of walnut tragedies and today go on stage. Greece was born order architecture, Yaka also reached a high level of development. Let's say that mysticism is small in the life of the Greeks is of great importance. The stinkers wanted not only to create, but to live according to the laws of beauty. The Greeks were the first to think it necessary to remind all spheres of human life with a high spirituality. The stench was fully aware that they jumped to the aesthetization of life, to the understanding of the “mystery of the foundation”, to work out of their life the vitvir of the mystic.

The ancient Greeks showed Vinyatkov's originality in religion. The names of their religious and mythological manifestations of that cult are not worthy of remembrance in others. The growing multitude of the Greek gods was chaotic and conflicted. Then, after a thriving struggle, the Olympian gods of the third generation will be hardened, between them the victorious staunch of the hierarchy will be established.

The supreme deity is Zeus - the ruler of the sky, thunder and bliskavki. To another example, Apollo is the patron saint of natural sciences, the god of healers and the bright, calm ear of nature. Apollo's sister Artemida was the goddess of love and the patron of youth. Dionysus (Bacchus) occupied no less important place - the god of the viro-blazing, violent forces of nature, viticulture and viticulture. A lot of rituals and merry saints are associated with this cult of Bulo - Dionysius and Bacchanalia. The God of the sun buv Gelі Os (Gelіy).

The goddess of wisdom, Athena, was especially admired by the Hellenes, as she was born from the head of Zeus. The goddess of victory, Nika, became a constant companion. The owl was the symbol of Athena's wisdom. The goddess of beauty, Aphrodite, who was born from the sea pine, did not lessen her respect. Demeter was the goddess of agriculture and kindred. The competence of Hermes included, for the most part, the most obov'yazkiv: vіn bv vіsnik of the Olympian gods, the god of trade, profits and material wealth, the patron of deceivers and villains, shepherds and mandrіvniki, orators and sportsmen. We also saw off the souls of those who died at the underground world. at the god Aida (Hades, Pluto).

Okrim names, the Greeks mali rich of other gods. It was fitting for us to forge the new gods, and the stench robbed them of the hoards. In Athens, the stench was placed on the vіvtar of the dedication: "to the invisible god." However, the visionary gods of the Hellenes were even more original. Such was the case for other peoples. The correctness of their originality was in the fact that stinks were placed before their gods.

In the basis of the religious manifestations of the Greeks there was no idea about the omnipotence of the gods. The stench was aware that it was not so divine will to rule the world, as natural laws. At the same hour above the world of the world, the gods and the people spread Rock, the vision of which the gods cannot change. The fatal share is incomparable to anyone, for that the Greek gods are closer to people, lower to supernatural forces.

At the sight of the gods of other peoples, the stench is anthropomorphic, although in the distant past the Greeks had zoomorphic deities. Ancient Greek philosophers declared that people themselves foresaw their own gods after their own likeness, that the animals would virtify themselves, their gods would be like themselves.

The smoothest and greatest source of the gods' sight of people was in the fact that the stench was immortal. Other vіdminnіst believed in the fact that the stench of the future and beautiful, though not all: Hephaestus, for example, buv kulgavim. Prote їhnya divine beauty was respected by a whole reach and for a person. In reshti, the world of gods is similar to the world of people. The gods suffered and radiated, loved and were jealous, cooked among themselves, mischievous, they avenged one alone thinly. The Greeks did not differentiate, but did not draw an inexhaustible line between people and gods. Intermediaries between them acted heroes, like people were born in the sky of God from an earthly woman, and like that, for their exploits, they could be accustomed to the light of the gods.

Proximity between man and God was strongly influenced by the religious identity and practice of the Hellenes. They believed in their gods, worshiped them, built temples and made sacrifices. Ale stinks are not small blind worship, trembling and more than fanaticism. It can be said that back before Christianity, the Greeks were already familiar with the Christian commandment: "Do not make your own idol." The Greeks could afford to be critical of the gods. What's more, the stinkers often threw a whickleak at him. Let us serve as an example of this the very myth about Prometheus, which threw a zhuvali viklik to the gods, blew fire in them and gave it to people.

If other peoples adored their kings and rulers, then the Greeks did not. The leader of the Athenian democracy, Perikl, for which he has reached the greatest point, for the reconciliation of his spivgromadyans at the rightness of his point of view, he does not have anything else in his order, anything else, of a bright mind, arguments, oratorical art and krasnomism.

Especially originality may Greek mythology. Everything that appears in it, is the same human, like the gods themselves, about yaks rozpovidaetsya in Greek myths. Instructed by the gods, a significant place in the myths is occupied by the deeds of the “Godly heroes”, as in most cases by the head lindens in the opposing podias. AT Greek mythology practically daily mysticism, no less great significance may taєmnichі supranatural forces. The headlines in his performance are artistic imagery and poetic, playful cob. Greek mythology is closer to the mystic, lower to religion. To this very fact, it became the foundation of the great Greek art. For this reason, Hegel called the Greek religion "the religion of beauty."

Greek mythology, like the whole Greek culture, has given glory and glory not to the gods, but to the people. In the very person of the Hellenes, a person first begins to assimilate his boundless strength and ability. Sophocles respects his drive: “The world has a lot of great powers. Ale strong people do not know anything in nature. The words of Archimedes sound even more meaningful: “Give me a point of support and I will turn the whole world upside down.” For everyone else, you can already see the future European, the transformation and subversion of nature.

Evolution of Old Greek culture

Pre-classical periods

At the evolution of culture Ancient Greece is seen five periods:

• Yegei culture (2800-1100 BC).
• Homeric period (XI-IX centuries BC).
• The period of archaic culture (VIII-VI centuries BC).
• Classic period (V-IV centuries BC).
• The era of Hellenism (323-146 e.).

Yegei culture

Yegei culture often called the Crete-Mycenaean, vvazhayuchi with whom the island of Crete and Mycenae the head її centers. It is also called Minoan culture - in the name of the legendary king Minos, under the island of Crete, which took a leading position in the region, reaching the greatest power.

Naprikintsі III yew. BC at the pivdni of the Balkan Pivostrov. The Peloponnese and the islands of Crete formed the early class suspres and vindicated the first middle states of sovereignty. Descho schvidshey tsey processes ishov on the island of Crete, de to the cob II yew. BC The first chotiri powers appeared with palace centers at Knossos, Festa, Maliya and Kato-Zakro. Vrakhovuchi especially the role of palaces, civilization, scho vinyl, sometimes called "palaces".

Economic basis The Greek civilization was becoming a strong state, in which bread, grapes and olives grew in front of us. An important role was also played by bestiality. Crafts reached a high level, especially bronze smelting. Successfully developed ceramic manufacturing.

The most famous monument of the Cretan culture became the Knossky Palace, which took you to the history "Labyrinth", the view of which was taken out of the first over. The palace was a grandiose rich-surface spore, which included 300 sites on the open platform, which occupied more than 1 hectare. Vіn buv zabezpecheny miraculous system of water supply and sewerage, mav terracotta baths. The palace was once a religious, administrative and shopping center; The myth about Theseus and the Minotaur is related to him.

High level in Crete has reached sculpture Minimal forms. Statues of goddesses with snakes in their hands were found at the shovantsi of the Knossky Palace, as a reminder of grace, refinement and femininity. The greatest achievement of the Cretan art is painting, about which fragments of the paintings of Knossky and other palaces, which were saved, can be seen. Like a butt, you can show on such a bright, barvy and succulent little ones, like “Choose a quid”, “Kitka, sho pidstrigaє pheasant”, “Grass with a beat”.

The greatest rozkvit of the Cretan civilization and culture of the XVI-XV centuries. BC, especially for the time of the rule of King Minos. Prote naprikintsi XV cent. BC kvіtucha tsivіlіzatsіya that culture nepodіvano die. The cause of the disaster, at least, was the eruption of the volcano.

Vinicla on the pivdni of the Balkans part of the Aegean culture and civilization was close to Cretan. Vaughn also lay on the centers-palats, as if they were folded into Mycenae, Tirinthe, Athens, Nilosi, Thebes. However, these palaces were poignantly reminiscent of the Cretan ones: the stench was a dark citadel-fortress, surrounded by high (more than 7 m) and thick (more than 4.5 m) walls. At one time, this part of the Egean culture can be taken in more than the Greek one, the shards of the same place, on the Balkans, near III yew. BC the Greek tribes came - the Achaeans and the Danes. Due to the special role of the Achaeans, this culture and civilization is often called Achaean. Kozhen center-dvorep was an independent power; between them, there were different variations of blue, including wiping and conflicts. Sometimes the stench united in an alliance, as if all were crushed for the march on Troy. The hegemony of that number of cups lay with the Mycenae.

Yak i in Crete, basis economy Achaean civilization became agriculture and animal husbandry. The ruler of the lands acted as a palace, and all the government had a little palace character. It included all kinds of maisterna, in which the agricultural products were reshaped, the metals were weeping, the fabrics were woven and the robes were sewn, and the preparations were made for the practical work of the military order.

The largest early memoirs of the Achaean culture had a cult, funeral character. Before them, we can see the so-called "shaft tombs", types of baths in the skeletons, where the impersonal beautiful virobiv іz gold, srіbla, ivory tassel, as well as the majestic quantity of armor were saved. The golden funeral masks of the Achaean rulers are also shown here. Later (XV-XIIJ centuries BC) the Achaeans will be grandiose mortuary spores - "dome tombs", one of them - "Agamemnon's tomb" - included a sprat.

Miraculous memory of the world architecture buv Mykensky Palace, embellishments with columns and frescoes. The high level has also reached painting, about how to commemorate the paintings of the walls of Mykensky and other palaces that were saved. The frescoes “The Lady with the Namist”, “The Boys Who Fight”, as well as the images of scenes of watering and battles, stylized creatures - mavpi, antelope, can be seen to the most beautiful examples of paintings.

The apogee of the culture of the Achaean Greece in the XV-XIII centuries. e., prote to the end of the XIII century. BC won’t begin to fall, but with a stretch of the XII century. BC all the palaces are ruined. The most important cause of death was the invasion of the pivnichny peoples, among them the Greeks-Dorians, but the exact causes of the disaster have not been established.

Homeric period

Period XI-IX centuries. BC in the history of Greece it is customary to name homerovsky. shards of news about new and famous people Iliad» ta "Odyssey". Yogo is also called "Dorian" - looming on Uvaz, I will especially emphasize the role of the Dorian tribes in the conquered Achaean Greece.

It should be noted that the descriptions of the Homeric sings cannot be regarded as entirely reliable and accurate, since they actually showed mixed warnings about three different epochs: the final stage of the Achaean era, if you went to Troy (XIII. st.); Dorian period (XI-IX centuries BC); early archaic, if Homer himself is alive and creating (VIII century BC). To what it is necessary to add the artist’s guess, which is characteristic of epic works, hyperbole and rebuffing, timchas and other sounds, too thinly.

Проте, спираючись на зміст гомерівських поем та дані археологічних розкопок, можна вважати, що з погляду цивілізації та матеріальної культури дорійський період означав відомий розрив спадкоємності між епохами і навіть відкот назад, оскільки деякі елементи вже досягнутого рівня цивілізації були втрачені.

Zokrema, bula was spent sovereignty, and navit mіskyi, chi palacial way of life, writing. The elements of the Greek civilization were actually re-populated. At the same hour that viniclo became wide congestion of the hall stole the accelerated development of a civilized cob. The main occupations of the Dorians, like before, were farming and animal husbandry. Horticulture and vinogrowing developed successfully, and the olives were deprived of a good culture. Trade took care of its place, de yak "a wild equivalent" to act as a great horned thinness. Although the main form of organization of life was the patriarchal community of the Silesia, the city’s future city polis was already born in its nadras.

What is the cost spiritual culture, then the attack was saved here. It’s not fair to talk about Homer’s sing, for which it is clear that the mythology of the Achaeans, which is the basis of spiritual life, was deprived of that well. Judging by the sing, the expansion of the myth went further away as a special form of witness and acceptance of the world of necessity. It was also the ordering of Greek mythology, as if it were filling up more and more completed, perfected forms.

The period of archaic culture

Archaic period (VIII-VI Art. BC) having become the hour of the Swedish and intensive development of Ancient Greece, in the course of such a creation of all the necessary minds and minds for a distant marvelous summer of expansion. Practically in all spheres of life there are profound changes. For three centuries of antiquity, the suspense zdiisnuє moved from the village to the city, from the ancestral and patriarchal vіdnosin to vіdnosinam klasichnogo slavery.

The city-power, the Greek polis becomes the main form of social and political organization of life. Suspіlstvo nibi tries all possible forms of sovereignty and rule - monarchy, tyranny, oligarchy, aristocratic and democratic republics.

Intensive development the strong state leading to the development of people, which spryaє growth of crafts. Even though the “employment problem” is not overcome, the colonization of nearby and distant territories continues, which began in the Achaean period, after which the territory of Greece grew to significant expansions. Economical progress to expand the market and trade that is in the warehouse penny tax system. cob coin carving speed up the process.

More hostile successes and reach may have a place in spiritual culture. In її the development of the vinyatkov role was played by creation alphabetical sheet, which, having become the greatest achievement of the culture of archaic Greece, It was divided on the basis of the Phoenician writing system and admired by its marvelous simplicity and accessibility, which made it possible to create an extremely effective lighting system, zavdyaki like an illiterate in ancient Greece, which also became a great achievement.

In the archaic period, the main ethical standards and values of the ancient society, in which there is a feeling of collectivism, to follow the agonistic (magical) cob, from the affirmation of the rights of the individual and specialness, the spirit of freedom. Particular space is occupied by patriotism and bulkiness. The protection of one's policy is taken as the nave of a hulk's prowess. During this period, the ideal of a person is born, in such a spirit and body they perebuvayut at harmony.

The inspiration of this ideal was taken away 776 rubles. BC Olympic Games. The stench was carried out skin chotiri rocky in the city of Olympia and spent five days, stretching these wines to finish. holy light”, which having pinned all sorts of military actions. Reimbursement at the games of Mav the Great Chan and Mav significant social benefits (additional allowances, dovіchna pension, a post-mіstsya in the theater and on saints). Trichi peremіg in іgry zamolyavl at the illustrious sculptor his statue and placing її at the sacred guy, sho otochuval the main shrine of the city of Olympia and all Greece - the temple of Zeus.

In the archaic era, such phenomena of ancient culture are blamed, like philosophyі spider. Having become Fal її as their ancestor, whoever stinks still does not have a strictly one type of one and is within the framework of a single natural philosophy. One of the founders ancient philosophy and science is also known as the legendary Pythagoras, who has a science that forms mathematics,є already a whole self-sufficient phenomenon.

Artistic culture is at the reach of the high level in the era of the archaic. At the same time it is folded architecture, which lies on two types of orders - Doric and Ionic. The leading type of life is the sacred temple as the abode of God. We found the temple of Apollo near Delphi. Vinica also monumental sculpture back of the tree, that bow of the kam'yana. There are two types of the largest width: a naked human statue, a “kuros” (figure of a young athlete-athlete), and a woman draped, with a butt like a bula bark (straight girl).

Spravzhnіy rozkvit tsієї epoch is going through poetry. The greatest reminders of ancient literature were the riddles of Homer's epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Trochy by the year of Homer created another famous Greek poet - Hesiod. Yogo sing "Theogony", tobto. genus of gods, and the “Catalogue of Women” was supplemented and completed by Homer, after which the ancient mythology swelled a classic, thorough look.

Among other poets of special vision, the meritorious work of Archilochus, the founder of lyrical poetry, creates some kind of special suffering and experiences, connected with hardships and hardships of life. Such is the meritorious vision of the lyrics of Sappho, the great ancient poet from the island of Lesbos, who experienced a little loving, jealous, and suffering woman.

The creativity of Anacreon, who spawned beauty, love, joy, gaiety and happiness of life, revealed great infusion in European and Russian poetry, zokrema in A.S. Pushkin.

Classic period and Hellenism

The classical period (5th-4th centuries BC) became the hour of the greatest resurrection of ancient Greek civilization and culture. This very period gave rise to all those who later will be called the “Greek divo”.

At this hour, it is hardening and resurfacing all its wondrous possibilities antique polis, who has a smut explanation of the "walnut miracle". become one of the greatest values ​​for the Hellenes. Democracy also swears at the highest level, and below it, the goiter is called by Perikles, a prominent politician of old.

In the classical period, Greece is experiencing a turbulent economic development, which will continue after the victory over the Persians. The basis of the economy, like before, was the strong state. Handicrafts are intensively developing, especially metal smelting. Shvidko zrostaє commodities vyrobnitstvo, zokrema grapes and olives, and as a result posterіgaetsya strіmke expansion of exchange and trade. Athens is becoming a great trading center in the middle of Greece, and in the entire Mediterranean. Egypt, Carthage, Crete, Syria, Finikia trade with Athens. Life is carried on on a large scale.

The greatest equal reach . The very same period to create such great minds of the old, like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates, first of all, having put his respect not on the nourishment of the knowledge of nature, but on the problems of human life, the problems of good, evil and justice, the problems of self-knowledge by a person. Vіn also standing belya turns of one of the head straight lines in the future of philosophy. rationalism, The right creator of which became Plato. In the rest of the world, rationalism becomes an abstract-theoretical way of thinking that expands in all spheres of life. Aristotle continued the line of Plato and immediately became the founder of another leading philosophy. empiricism. zgіdno z kakim dіisnim dzherelom knowledge є chuttєviy dosvіd, yakі without intermediary guarding data.

The order of philosophy is also successfully developed in other sciences - mathematics, medicine, history.

The artistic culture is going through a non-stop rozkvit in the era of the classics, and we are forwarded - architectureі mystobuduvannya. A significant contribution to the development of the city building was made by Gip-podam - an architect from Miletus, who developed the concept of regular planning of the city, looking out of it in the new functional parts were seen: the community center, the residential area, as well as trade, construction and port areas. The main type of monumental spores, like before, is the temple.

The Athenian Acropolis became a real triumph of ancient Greek architecture, one of the greatest masterpieces of light art. The whole ensemble including the front gates - Propyleia, Temple of Niki Apteros (Bezkril Peremogi), Erechteion and the head temple of Athens Parthenon - Temple of Athena Parthenos (Athina Divi). The Acropolis, founded by architects Iktin and Kalikrat, was located on a high pagorbi and nibi shiryav over the city, the boo is far visible from the sea. Particularly buried was the Parthenon, which was embellished with 46 columns and rich sculptures and reliefs. Plutarch, who wrote about his enmity about the Acropolis, stating that before the new one came budіvlі, "grand in size and unique in beauty."

Among the famous architectural monuments, there were also two spores, including up to seven wonders of the world. The first was the temple of Artemidis in Ephesus, the incitement to the mistress of the beautiful temple-advocate, which mav those same іm'ya and the burning of Herostratus, which became famous for such a zhahlivy rank. Yak і kolishnіy, vіdnovleniy temple mav 127 columns, middle buv embellishments miraculous statues of robots Praxiteles and Skopas, as well as miraculous pictorial pictures.

Another monument was the tomb of Mausolus, the ruler of Kariya, which was later called "Mausoleum at Gali-Karnassus". The spore is small two on top with a height of 20 m, the first of which was the tomb of Mausolus itself and that of the guards of Artemisia. On another version, sharpened by a colony, sacrifices were saved. Yes, the mausoleum was a pyramid, topped with a Marmur quadriga, in the chariot there were sculptures of Mausolus and Artemisia. Near the tomb there were statues of lions and warriors, which they downloaded.

In the era of the classics, the greatest thoroughness is available to Greek sculptures. In every genre of art behind Hellas, there is an unparalleled perevaga. Antique sculpture is the whole galaxy of ingenious masters. The largest among them is Fidiy. Yogo statue of Zeus, which is small in height of 14 m and embellished the temple of Zeus in Olympia, also includes up to seven wonders of the world. Vіn having created the statue of Athena Parthenos with a 12 m crown, which was at the center of the Athenian Acropolis. Another yoga statue - a statue of Athena Promachos (Athene Vijnitsa) with a 9m crown - depicted the goddess in a sholomі z with a list and inspired the Viysk mіts of Afіn. Cream of the names of creations. Fidiy also took part in the design of the Athenian Acropolis and in the creation of plastic edifice.

Among the other sculptors, Pythagoras of Regius, who created the statue “The boy who holds the rolling pin” is the most famous; Myron is the author of the sculptures "Discobolus" and "Athena and Mars"; Poliklet is the master of bronze sculpture, having created “Dorifor” (Spiskonostsya) and “Wounded Amazon”, as well as the first theoretical work about the proportions of the human body - “Canon”.

The sculptors Praxiteles, Skopas, Lisipp will represent the classics. The first of them was glorified by the statue "Aphrodite Knidska", which became the first naked woman figure in Greek sculpture. The art of Praxiteles is taman richness of feelings, vishukan that subtle beauty, hedonism. Qi yakosі appeared in yoga creations, like "Satyr pouring wine", "Eros".

Scopas took the fate of Praxiteles at once at the plastic decorated temple of Artemidis in Ephesus and the mausoleum at Halikarnassus. His creativity is inspired by prejudice and drama, thinness of lines, versatility of postures and revolutions. One of the famous yoga creations is the statue "Bacchae in dance". Lysippus having created the bust of Alexander the Great, at the court of which he was an artist. Other creations can be shown on the statues “Hermes, who wears”, “Hermes, who wears a sandal”, “Erot”. In his own world of wines, the inner light of a person is revealed, I feel that experience.

In the era of the classics, the naive point of reach of the walnut Literature. Poetry representing the frontier Pindar. who did not accept Athenian democracy and turned away nostalgia for the aristocracy in his creativity. Vіn also created cult hymns, ode and songs in honor of the winners of the Olympian and Delphic mountains.

The main literary undertaking of the people and the Greek rose tragedy and theater. The father of the tragedy buv Eskhil, like, like Pindar, not accepting democracy. The main yoga creator is “Prikutiy Prometheus”, the hero of this - Prometheus - becoming the instillation of masculinity and the strength of people, її divinity and readiness to sacrifice their lives for the sake of freedom and well-being of people.

In the work of Sophocles, who glorified democracy, the Greek tragedy reaches the classical level. Heroes of yoga creations with foldable natures, stink to eat at your own expense to the ideals of freedom with wealth inner light, deep psychological and moral experiences, spiritual subtlety. Nayvidomіshoy yoga tragedy becoming "Edіp-tsar".

The mythology of Euripides - the third great tragedian of Helladi - was marked by a crisis of Greek democracy. Yogo setting before her was twofold. From one side, she added yoga with the values ​​of freedom and equanimity. At one time, she lapped up yogo tim, that she allowed the unreasonable natovp of the hulks, for their mood, to overthrow important food. In the tragedies of Evripidal, people are shown not “how stinky they can be”, as if there was not enough space, on one thought, for Sophocles, but “what stinks were really.” Medea has become the most popular yogi vitvor.

Order from tragedy develops successfully comedy, "father" yakoї є Aristophanes. Yogo p'ysi written lively, close to rozmovnoї mov. The theme of the world became relevant and topical, among the central ones. The comedies of Aristophanes were accessible to the common people and were very popular.

Hellenism(323-146 e.) becoming the final stage of ancient Greek culture. At this hour, the high rіven of the Hellenic culture is saved with a veil. Less so in some areas, for example, in philosophy, wines are falling. At that very hour, the expansion of the Hellenic culture was born of impersonal similar lands, which were blamed after the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great. de won with similar cultures. The same synthesis of walnut and similar cultures and utvayut. what is called Hellenistic culture.

Її osvita went under the influence of us in front of the Greek way of life and the Greek system of illumination. Tsikavo, that the process of expansion of Greek culture continued after that, as Greece drank into the fallow land of Rome (146 BC). Politically, Rome has corroborated Greece, but Greek culture has corroborated Rome.

From the areas of spiritual culture, science and mysticism are most successfully developed in the era of Hellenism. Science holding positions, as before, borrowing maths, de practice such great minds, like Euclid and Archimedes. With these achievements, mathematics is not only progressing in the theoretical plan, but also to know more widely applied and practical zastosuvannya in mechanics, optics, statics, hydrostatics, everyday life. Archimedes still deserve the authorship of rich technical wines. Significant successes may also be astronomy, medicine, geography.

The art has the greatest success supporting architecture and sculpture. AT architecture Among the traditional sacral temples there are widely populated civil society houses - palaces, theatres, libraries, gymnasiums. Zokrema, in Oleksandria, a famous library was founded, which saved up about 799 thousand. SUV There, the impulses of Museyon became the largest center of science and art of old. Of the other architectural disputes, the Oleksandriysky lighthouse of the 120 m crown, including up to seven wonders of the world, deserves to be seen. Yogo by the author buv architect Sostrat.

Sculpture also continue the classical traditions, even though they have new drawings: internal tension, dynamism, drama and tragedy are strengthened. The sculpture is monumental at times on grandiose roses. Such, zokrema, was the statue of the god of the sun, Helios, created by the sculptor Kheres and looked like the Kolos of Rhodes. The statue is also part of the seven wonders of the world. Vaughn was small in height, 36 m-code, stood on the birch of the harbor of the island of Rhodes, and was shattered by an earthquake. Zvіdsi pіshov viraz ear on clay feet. Famous masterpieces are Aphrodite (Venus) Miloska and Nike of Samothrace.

At 146 p. BC The ancient Hellas has ceased to exist, the ancient Greek culture of the ancient dosі.

Ancient Greece is small, a great influx on the entire world culture. Without her, there would be no modern Europe. Skhіdniy svіt without Hellenic culture bov zovsіm іnhim.

If you talk about ancient Greece, more people will think about the Olympic Games, Sparta and ancient Greek mythology. Ale true to the ancient Greeks modern people goiter is richer. Classical literature, coins, anchors, vending machines - all of them come from ancient Greece.

1. Miske planning

Irrespective of those that most people care about the planning of the place for daily winemaking, the thought of the greatest historians, “the father of the planning of the city” is the ancient Greek architect and city keeper Hippodam Miletsky. The plans of the Greek towns were reminiscent of a gaudy ordering, on the vіdmіnu of the chaotically intertwined streets of the towns of that epoch.

2. Water mlyn

The most early evidence of water jelly in historical documents is the riddle about the wheel of Perachora, which was created in the third century BC in Greece. As historians vvazhayut, it was created by the Greek engineer Philon of Byzantium, who knew better about the water wheel in one of his robots.

3. Water supply

Apparently, the ancient Greeks highly valued the physical development of a person. This concept was developed in a modern way to the point of physical advancement and purity of the body. For example, in Athens there were a lot of aqueducts, with which water flowed from the mountains. Also, the city had a large water supply system, with which the water from the cisterns was distributed along the mansions, fountains, and inspire the houses of rich people.

4. Odometer

Tsey ubiquitous expansions of today's tool, which makes it possible for a car to pass through the country, and wines have been found in Ancient Greece. A bunch of victorious victors for vimir vіdstanі mіzh mіstami.

5. Cards

Cartography played a great role in the rise of roads and navigation in recent hours. Vinahid maps and cartography are attributed to Anaximander of Miletsky, one of the most important pre-Socratic philosophers. Irrespective of those that were mapped in Egypt, Lydia, on the Close Descent near Babylon, they depicted exclusively the roads of that place. Anaximander, having depicted the whole life, was seen by ancient Greeks.

6. Lighthouses

Before the advent of special ports near Ancient Greece, on the tops of the coastal hillocks, there were places, merchant ships sailed near the yak, and bagats were spitted at night. In the meantime, they began to make fire on special platforms - what was burning in the half-light, then far away it was visible. This practice led to the development of lighthouses. Find the lighthouse at ancient historyє one of the wonders of the world - the Oleksandriysky lighthouse, founded in 280-247 BC.

7. Coins

The first coins were vindicated for the hour of the flood in Anatolia and Ancient Greece around 600-700 BC. Year by year the coins, rozroblenі by the Greeks, were won for the purchase of goods traded by those other peoples.

8. Central scorching

Before that, as a system of scorching budinkiv appeared among the Romans, it was founded among the Greeks, the zokrema of the Minoans. The Greeks laid trumpets under the statues of their budins, and warm water flowed through the pits, which was fueled by the rising middles.

9. Anchors

The ancient Greeks were the first, who started vicoristing like anchors of cats, filled with stones, great bears with a sound, and types of baths in the middle of wooden logs, in which lead was poured.

10. Shower

In Hellas, souls have appeared in the world. The water in the huge showers, which could vikoristovuvat like nobility, so simple people, came from plumbing pipes from lead pipes, which were built in Greek places.

11. Automatic doors

Without a doubt, whoever thinks it's automatic rose doors z'appeared zovsim recently, not so. The Greeks blamed the automatic opening of the doors, as they practiced for the help of the squeezed wind of the water. Such doors were won at the temples.

12. Alarm clock

One of the most frequently vicorated in to the current world gadgetіv vupershe vinaišov vіdomiy greek philosopher Plato. In order not to oversleep your lectures, having rebuilt the water year.

13. Vending machine

Vending machines are also built by a modern winemaker, but in fact they have been over 2 thousand years. Greek wine-maker Geron Oleksandriyskyy made a prototype of a vending machine in 215 r. BC water. Vaga єmnostі, scho zbіlshilasya, nahlyala ship, z kakoї waving a portion of the water. Then the coin hung from the container, and the dishes turned again at the vertical position.

14. Thermometer

First, the wine thermometer Heron Oleksandriysky, which is the first to understand, as it expands every hour of heating to high temperatures. Yearly, Philo of Byzantium was the first to stop the technique to measure the temperature again, and Galileo in 1597 only perfected the ancient wines, introducing the understanding of the “scale” for the calculus assessment of the process of temperature control.

15. Theater

The theater was born from the mist-power of Athens. The very word "theater" resembles the Greek word Theatron, which means a place for revisiting.

Prodovzhennya those. Amazing speeches.

Entry

Understand " civilization» viniclo y XVIII cent. have a link with understanding " culture". It looks like the Latin "civilus" - civil, sovereign, and synonymous with the concept of "culture" - a historically designated equal to the development of the society of that people. The concept of “civilization” is used to characterize the material and spiritual equals of the songful historical epochs, which, in their own way, can be called civilizations.

In this way, understanding "civilization" and "culture" mutually complement one another. Ancient civilization or culture name the culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The period of vindication of ancient civilization dates back to the XXV century. to the sound e.

The era of antiquity has ended 476 р. n. e. - After the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Antique culture is the forerunner of other cultures: Byzantine, European, Russian.

In my work, I would like to look at the main achievements of ancient civilization, including the spiritual and material order.

Culture of Ancient Greece and її reach.

At this time, it is important to remember that the history of Ancient Greece begins approximately at the turn of the III millennium BC. e., if її territorії ubiquitous are expanding bronze stars of practice. In the same period, remains of fortech walls, marble statues, painted judges were found.

At the turn of the 3rd - 2nd millennium BC on the Cycladic Islands are the first places. The center that was formed minoan civilization the island of Crete.

Life in Crete was surrounded by palazzos - labirinths, embellished with wall paintings - frescoes. Religion and theocracy played a great role in the life of the minions - a special form of royal power, if secular and spiritual power belonged to one person.

In the middle of the XIV century. to the sound e. the island of Crete was conquered by the Greeks - the Achaeans.

Aheisk (Mykensk) culture she adopted fresco painting from her sister-in-law, the life of a water supply system, as well as a pantheon of gods and a dress of fashion. The type of tombs changed: instead of the shaft tombs, the tholos was replaced by a domed tomb.

The headline achievements of the Achaeans are the linear warehouse sheet B, which resembles the linear word of sheet A.

Crete-Mycenaean civilization pinned its foundation at the XIII century. to the sound e., if the flood of the century began.

The coming period in the history of Ancient Greece - Homeric period: the great Homer created famous poems: "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as if they were one of the greatest literary monuments of mankind. There were few other memoirs of this era before us, most importantly, vase and terracotta figurines.

archaic period Greek history okhoplyu VIII - VI Art. BC

At the same time the Great Colonization was taking place, after which the Greek world ceased to be in isolation. The Greeks began to actively cooperate with other civilizations. The Greek cultures have innovations that are behind other cultures: the alphabetical list - among the Finns, the carving of coins - among the leaders.

Whose period is Great rozpodіl pratsі, in order to increase the rozumova pratsi in the physical, as it became possible to increase the productivity of the praci, increase the additional product for the account, increase the cost of more cheap and effective saline equipment. Think economically about what has happened, allowed some of the free citizens to engage in philosophy, science, mythology, politics, price hikes, and history.

On the birth of that development of ancient Greek science, a great surge of science from Ancient Egypt and Babylon was celebrated. are developing astronomy, geometry, mathematics(Pythagoras). Are born historiography, geography(Aristotle, Eratosthenes, Ptolemy).

Vinicating the first philosophical system. natural philosophy.

In ancient times, the art of that period was strongly influenced by Egyptian culture and architecture. Elements of other foreign cultures were creatively transformed by the Greeks and organically evolved into ancient Greek culture.

The literature of the archaic era has a clear role to pass into the epic before lyrical poetry(Archilochus, Sappho, Alkey, Anacreon); until the end of the 6th century. BC as a special genre is taking shape bike(Aesop).

VIII Art. BC having appeared first theatre, from the chorus, a diyovu person was seen - actor.

Until VI Art. BC being formalized architectural order(column) at yogo Doricі Ionic styles.

Also, during the period of the archaic, a synthesis of architecture and sculpture was observed - the temples of the ranks are embellished with reliefs, statues of a deity are placed in the middle of the temples, to which the temple is dedicated.

The sculptures of two types appear one by one in the art period: kouros- a naked youth measles- The woman is draped. For this period, richly figured sculptural compositions and reliefs are characteristic.

The main memory is ancient Greek ceramics: Corinthian vases, Attic black-figure and black-figure vases.

At 776 p. BC vinicles Olympic Games.

At 449 p. BC a new period begins for the development of walnut culture classical, which played a significant role in the development of ancient civilization

Qiu epoch reached the greatest rozkvitu: the medicine(Hippocrates, V century BC), philosophy(Democrat, Socrates, who created the sophistic school); in literature become the main genres tragedy(Eschil, Sophocles, Euripides) that comedy(Aristophanes).

Everywhere become wider lighting mortgage: schools, palestri, gymnasium, ephebian form higher enlightenment you can add groups that were grouped into groups of great scientists (rhetors, sophists, physicians).

Reach out realistic sculpture from marmur and bronze. Creativity of the great sculptors of the 5th century. BC revitalize monumentality, exalted harmony, proportions, the creation of ideal images of gods and people: Fidiya(statues: "Athena - warrior", "Athena - Parthenos", "Zeus"), Myron(statue "Discobolus"), Polykleta(statues: "Hera", vikonana from gold and ivory tassel, "Dorifor", "Spis-bearer", "Wounded Amazon").

Among the artists for that hour next designate Polygnathaі Apollodorus, who saw a group of light. Ale їhnіy painter did not save.

The main monument of that hour is a vase painting.

In the classical era, the Corinthian style of the order took shape, a lot of temples and sporuds were created (the temple of Zeus in Olympia, the Acropolis Ensemble, which includes the Propileia (front gate), the temple of Nike Apteros, the Parthenon and Erechtheion with the famous portico of cariatids).

AT era of crisis(IV century BC) - during the period of the fall of a suspended life - became popular in Ancient Greece cinema school philosophy (Antisthenes and Diogenes of Sinopsky). We know Plato as the philosopher of this period, who, having fallen asleep at the school - the Academy, has woken up a thousand fates.

Nabuli development of natural sciences, history (Xenophon) and rhetoric- the science of oratory (Isocrates, Demosthenes)

In architecture, decorative elements, the Corinthian style, with a round shape, begin to take over.

The main achievements of this era can be considered architecture(stone theaters in Epidavrі, the theater of Dionis in Athens, the mausoleum near Halikarnassus) and sculpture(Praksy - "Aphrodite Knidska", Scopas - "Hercules" and "Bacchante", Lysipp - "Anaxiomen", "Hercules", "Hermes"). Lysip also created sculptural portraits of Socrates and Oleksander the Great.

The rest of the era of Greek civilization becoming Hellenism. Mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, geography, natural science, philosophy, and the whole epoch of the greatest development were taken away by mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, philosophy, Archimedes(school of peripatetics), Euclid(elementary geometry), Eratosthenes, Aristarchus of Samos, Hipparchus of Oleksandriya(astronomy), Heron Oleksandriysky(mechanics), Herophilus and Erasistratus(The medicine).

During this period, it was created libraries, find some of them - Oleksandriyska and Pergamska.

The most beautiful representatives of literature at that time: Apoloniy Rodoskiy, Kallimachus and Theocritus, who wrote to the new poetic genre - idyllic, who was reborn into bucolic poetry, Menander, who created realistic pop comedy.

Wide breadth in the era of Hellenism Nabuli mimi- Short scenes. Їхнім author buv Herod.

Philosophy in the era of Hellenism has a small number of features: eclecticism(practices to increase the elements of different schools), epic straightening. The most important philosophic directives: epicureanism(headmaster of the school - Epikur) that kinism, in view of what I saw under Zeno stoicism. For the philosophy of that period, a characteristic religious trick.

The most important monuments at that time were the Faro lighthouse, Vezha Vitriv, reliefs of the Pergamon warrior Zeus, Aphrodite from the island of Melos (Venus Miloska), "Nick of Samothrace"; sculptural groups "Laocoön", "Farnesian Bik"; portrait of Demosthenes; bronze Rhodes ear of the zavvishka 35 m, which has not reached us.

In this way, the ancient Greek culture has sprung into the development of the European civilization. The achievements of Greek art often became the basis of the aesthetic manifestations of the coming eras. Without Greek philosophy, it would be impossible for the development of the Middle Ages theology, and the philosophy of the New Hour. To this day, their sleeping rices have had a walnut system of illumination.

The significance of the ancient Greek culture of the floor is great, which is called the "golden age" of humankind. Tsya is a culture of a native, out and dosі give people wisdom, beauty and masculinity.

The culture of ancient Rome is so її reach

Roman culture, spiring to Greek culture, could both develop it, and introduce a new, more powerful Roman state.

Ancient Greece in the 2nd - 1st centuries. BC Bula was conquered by Rome, and the center of ancient culture moved to Italy.

The ancestor of the Roman civilization is respected European civilization, that bula on the Apeninsky Pivostrovi The Etruscans created their own system of rahunka with their own numbers, as well as writing, by the Romans.

Architectural disputes in the Etruscans were filled with stones, the stench began to be the first to build houses with domed crypts. Cultural remembrances are tombs, sarcophagi, funeral screens, armor, jewelry sets.

The foundation of Rome (753 r. e.) is the beginning of the creation of the Roman Empire. The city of Rome developed like a city of the Greek type. The Romans surrounded Yogo with a stone wall, built sewerage and waterways, created the first the circus for gladiatorial battles Bagato what did the Romans put in their culture from ancient Greek and Turkish cultures. The first temple in Rome - the temple of Jupiter - was awakened by the etrusian masters.

IV - III Art. BC Rome stay republic on the territory of which the Greek language and the Greek sounds begin to expand. It is necessary to change the Turkish writing into Greek (Latin). Vinica oratory(Cicero). Created theatre.

Most visited by representatives literature at that time the boules were: Leviy Andronik, Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, Catullus, Cato the Elder, Varro, Cicero.

There were no philosophical systems created in Rome. The most famous were the Greek schools of the Stoiks and the Epicureans.

Developed architecture: the Romans widely planted arches, crypts, domes, stovpi, pilasters, concrete, triumphal arches, aqueducts, bridges, basilica and amphitheater at the building.

At the sculpture, the Romans adopted the Greek canons, but two new styles emerged: portrait statues (busts)і togatus- statues that depicted the speakers at the toz.

Z sciences great development took off jurisprudence- The science of law.

The rest of the era of Roman civilization - imperial(31 p. BC - 395 AD) ended with the collapse of the Roman Empire into the Western Empire - with the center at Rome, that the Hidnu Empire - with the center at Constantinople.

Such places, like Rome, Alexandria, Athens, Carthage, become the largest centers of science: geography(Strabo, Ptolemy), medicine(Pliny the Younger, Galen), astronomy, historiography(Tit Liviy, Pliny the Elder, Josip Flavius, Publius Cornelius, Tacitus).

One of the greatest reach of all Roman culture is literature the early imperial period (the end of the 1st century BC - the 2nd century AD), is represented by Apuleius (“Metamorphosis” or “Golden Ass”), Pliny the Younger; satirists Juvenal, Petroniev, Lukian; poets Virgil, Horace, Ovid.

Until this period, the creation of such architectural monuments, like the Colosseum and the Pantheon, is due.

Nothing new was created in the late imperial period of Roman civilization (III-IV centuries AD). Becoming crisis ancient culture, delusions of low literacy, coarse morality, pessimism, wide extensions of Christianity.

The history of culture of the late imperial period will take place in the fight against the traditions of ancient civilization, which are being developed, and new, Christian principles.

In the first half of IV Art. Christianity transform into a sovereign religion, and in the other half of the same century, the destruction of pagan temples begins, the Olympic Games are defended.

Christian churches will be built on the basis of basilicas.

The Roman Empire founded until 1453 as the Byzantine Empire, the culture of which became the continuation of the Greek, but in the Christian version.

The Western Roman Empire pinned its foundation at 476 r.

In this way, infusing the cultural decay of Ancient Rome, it is prostzhuetsya with rich European language, with scientific terminology, architecture, and literature.

The rich memory of the Roman culture was preserved by the Donin. The Latin language of the Middle Ages and the New Hour was the language of all people. On the basis of the Latin language vinicle, there is a group of Romance language, which is how the people of a significant part of Europe speak. Roman architecture, which spiraled on the Greek canons, became the basis of the European architecture of the Renaissance era and the New Hour.

Ancient Rome, having become the stake of Christianity - a religion that united all European peoples and poured in the shares of humanity into the majestic world.

Visnovok

Golovne access to ancient civilization - rozkvit human specialness, priority of the spiritual sphere, promotion of science, art, mythology, development of specialness, freedom.

The biggest innovations of that period were the people of the first system of abstract sciences - philosophy (like a nabul of all-season character), astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, medicine, history, jurisprudence, economics. Winickles of the School of Philosophers: Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum, Oleksandriya Museum (museion). The lighting system was put together.

The development of the spiritual sphere in the period of ancient civilization led to the vindication of secular religions, the transition from polytheism to monotheism.

Having combined the harmony of suspіlno-political vіdnosin — democracy, like the greatest world in the world, the self-rendering of svіlnotі vіlnyh people gave to the mighty.

The peculiarity of the political and economic life of the ancient civilization was seen in the molding and panuvanny of the cities - independent, self-rowning places - powers with a lot of signs of the community.

In the ancient era, civilization emerged beyond the equally narrow local boundaries, which were earlier called the empires of the world.

Ancient civilization made a great contribution to the development of the economy (the term "Economics" was invented by Aristotle) ​​(winnings of various forms of organization of production, power, exchange, financial and credit and penny money).

In Qiu epoch, there was a rich (especially at the time of the rise of the Roman Empire) statehood, a significant world oriented to the market.

In addition, in Ancient Greece, in the V century. BC vineyards of temples and private penny banks that have seen the positions of the vіdsotok.

In this manner, antiquity itself gave the people the greatest insights of philosophy, literature, architecture, and art, having left behind itself a cultural recession, which it injected into the culture of the Middle Ages, Revival of that New Hour.

List of references

1. Valiano M.V. Fundamentals of Philosophy: a friend - M: Vidavnitstvo. “Right is that Service”, 1999;
2. Gurevich P.S. Fundamentals of Philosophy: Heading Guide - M.: Gardariki, 2003;
3. Zol'eva L.V. Light culture: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome. M.: Olma - Pres, 2001;
4. History of light culture: Spadshchina Sunset: Antiquity. Serednovichchya. Revival: Course of lectures / ed. S.D. Sribny. M.: RDGU, 1998;
5. Markova O.M. Culturology UNITI - DANA, 2006;
6. Petrov M.K. Antique culture. - M::, "Russian political encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN), 1997;
7. Ukolova V.I. Antiquity in Literature and Art. Middle literature. - M. 1989;
8. Yakovets Yu.V. History of civilizations: Chief help for students of universities of the humanities profile. 2nd edition, revision. I add. - M: Humanist. View. Center VLADOS, 1997.

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1. Technical achievements of ancient Greeks

2. Scientific achievements of ancient Greeks

3. Scientific and technical achievements of the Hellenistic period

4. Scientific and technical achievements of the Roman period

1. Technical achievements of ancient Greeks

Schodo zagalnopriynyatyh chronological framework of antiquity є cob IX-VIII Art. to the sound e., completed - approximately 500 rubles. n. e. All the different processes and manifestations, represented by different worlds as dzherels and even unevenly twisted, which were considered by the stretch of the second thousand years, are called antiquity - a special type of culture.

Among the ancient cultural peoples, the Hellenes appeared so well, that most of the technical wineries, which were crowned in the war peaceful life Bulo has long been broken up and wider everywhere.

Long ago, the Mislivian tribes vineyards and shoots, long ago the digger learned to work the plow and the wind, long ago the seafarers, robbing and trading, furrowed the sea, and the Hellenes have not yet entered the historical arena. However, having lived in the world with their technical achievements, the Hellenes have overdone their days. Thales and Harpal, Heron and Anaximander, Philo and Archimedes, and few of them, miraculous scientists, mathematicians, mechanics, technicians. Leather from them having made its own contribution to the development or creation of these other technical innovations. The main technical achievements of antiquity, obviously, were marked on the battlefields, but for peaceful purposes, especially in the rural state, a lot of victories were destroyed.

It is impossible to see the main technical achievements of antiquity. In addition, there is a lot of modernity that is confirmed, that these achievements cannot be called technical, that "ancient technology" is the essence of childishness, more modern, not modern technologies. Prote, with some kind of technology, we would be right, yakbi was not the ancient technique of laying rozvinno?! Техніка побудови єгипетських пірамід досі не повністю ясна, грандіозна система зрошення в Єгипті не знала собі рівних досить довго, антична металургія дала поштовх розвитку металургійної справи у всій Європі, техніка сільського господарства не зазнала сильних змін і досі, особливо у технічно малорозвинених країнах. What do we want? Without a doubt, the primitive "steam engine", "telegraph", the antique yearbook look funny at once, but the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200btheir development is miraculous and could save only a technically gifted person for a thought. Let's take a look at the report of the winemakers of ancient techniques.

Greek automatics

It is not rich to see that fountains, floorings were loved by the 17th and 18th centuries, crops were tied to their own grounds, as one Greek author added to them. Yogo robotics from physics and mechanics are perhaps the only ones that were preserved in ancient science-based technology right up to the Arabs, and then to us. The name of the author is Heron Oleksandriysky. Vin is alive, maybe, at II. n. e. and tsikaviy for us, especially to those who, along with some great small wine-growers, described the great treasures of ancient physics and technology, like in the present era of Renaissance they poured into our modern technology. At the school of yoga, the name is tied with the so-called Heron's sack, on some kind of day, a water jet reaches for the aid of a squeezed wind. The whole principle of voicing was already Ktesіbієm at the fault of the fire pompі.

Yogo more current formsє siphon and spray gun. The most important for the coming hour was the Heron steam ball (eolіpіl), the prototype of the modern steam engine.

Antique schematic little things, which were saved in the manuscripts of Heron, can only make it important for uninitiated people to understand about the river.

Under the hour of Heron, respect was directed more at the comedy bіk, do it, but be as practical as possible. This collection of physical problems in a flash guesses that manner of doing physics, as small as space in the cabinets of curiosities of noble panivs of the 17th and 18th centuries. However, the wines, published in 1629 by Giovanni Branca, who took the architect's office in Loretto in 1616, point to the establishment of heroin's knowledge of the steam engine and practical purposes.

In the rest of the hour, two of Heron's fittings piled up of superb significance in the gallery of trade and transport. Tse taximeter and machine for the sale of goods.

Heron calls the taximeter a hodometer, which means "road meter". In a free translation of yoga, a description was given about the attack:

"For the help of a rockometer, we can walk on the ground without the weary stasis of the winding lance and poles. Navpaki, sitting in the carriage, we simply stretch along the wheel wrap, leaving behind."

The accessory is controlled by the following order: taking a box, a small wheel is installed on the bottom of it, with 8 teeth and wrapped in a flat, parallel to the bottom of the box. The upper end of the yoga axis of insertions into a special crossbar. At that mist, the wheel was unstitched, at the bottom of the box of piercings it was opened so that the fortifications on the mother of the great wheel for the crew could be hooked from below by the teeth of the horizontal wheel. At one turn of the wheel of the crew, the peg hits the skin with 8 teeth and pulls them forward so that the first one, then the other, the third, etc., the prong passes through the hole.

On the axis of the horizontal wheel of the premises, there is a cylinder with a screw thread (non-skid screw). For price narіzuvannya zachiplyaetsya vertically raztashovane gear wheel, strengthened on the transverse axis. The rest is also maє twistovu narіzku, scho collapses another horizontal gear wheel, all of which, for the help of cutting, collapses the third gear wheel, to set the system in motion, and so on for the bajan. The more toothed wheels and inexhaustible screws we rule, the more miles we can win over our winding roads.

So that the number of rotational revolutions was visible at a glance, round axes of the toothed wheels appear in the name and may have a square shape. Arrows are placed on the qinci, which collapse on a stake with pods, on which you can read the position of the skin-encrusted wheel and with such a rank you can accurately set the passage through.

Otzhe, on the right, it looks like it, like on our electric chillers.

The current taximeter is also a copy of the principle of the ancient rіkometer; only here the wrapping of the rear wheel is not transferred directly to the device, but behind the help of a pneumatic pipeline or a flexible shaft, it is transferred to the seat of the water.

Nasamkinets from a whole range of Heron's devices, I will create a vending machine for the sale of sacred water, which became the prototype of our chocolate and ticket vending machines.

For a long time, such an apparatus stood in front of the temple and for the lowered mid-coin poured sacred water into the hands of the pious guardians of the temple. Geron says that the cunning Egyptian priests, and the Oleksandrian mechanics argued about this apparatus. I will describe my attachment in the coming order: a box is taken for collecting donations, the upper wall, like a hollow, is placed in the middle of a vessel filled with water, on the bottom of it there is a sleeve, as it is closed with a closed tube, which is called out.

Behind the boat with water in this box there is a vertical strut, the upper end of the її is like a hack-like concavity, and a yoke is suspended on the new one. On one shoulder of the yoke there is a small shawl, as if in a calm place it spreads parallel to the crest or the bottom of the box. If you want to put on a scarf with a small bag or with a medny coin, it will go down, and otherwise the shoulder of the yoke in a point, wisely, apparently, it will rise. Move the haircut up to which shoulder, where you can put a cork at the bottom, where it can enter at the sleeve. As if a coin is lowered through the slot, then it will sink onto the plate, press it down and then shackle it to the bottom of the box along the plate, which took a poor position. , and Water flows through the pipes of the judge, at that hour, after that, as the coin sank, the yoke should not take its position, the shearing again closes the wind, and the operation can start on the back.

The attendant of the temple calls the screen for the collection of donations, takes coins (Heron accepts for a normal one 5-drachma coin, so that three times more than one lot (17.80 g)) and top up with fresh consecrated water.

The winemaker of this ancient marvelous accessory, perhaps, has not dreamed about those that the yogo idea of ​​a troch thoroughly looked to change all the current drіb'yazkovu trade. It is not clear that the winner of Heron's own creation is the current culprit of the automaton.

Oskіlki book Heron wedged into the whole new mechanics without middle, and even more indirectly, a kind of connection with a lot of possibilities, especially in England, de classical illumination is more lower de-nebud to be a sign of illuminated people and de antiquity, we have wider futures modern English translations, we will create a joint work of philologists and engineers

It is unlikely that the antique yearbook would be set up before Heron's automatic machines, but in the hours of the Hellenistic year, the mastery of the year was so self-valued, like a mechanical vein.

Antique Yearbook

The age of craftsmanship has long been respected by the gallery of technology, the finest and most perfect. The most recent techniques have shown here a high level of guilt. It was not unbelievably asserted that in this galusi even until the latest hour, a new idea-change did not appear in the style of going to the rahunki thoroughly. The craft is that science to stand here at the founding link; more than that - the cob of scientific thought, which took a human being out of the creature's state, was tied to the end of the hour. The change of day and night is obvious and by itself regulates the activity of people and creatures. Ale, so that my mother can, with confidence, divide the hour into great gaps, first person guilty buv posterigati behind the night sky, de moon clearly rozmіchav for the new term with the first glare of his sickle, syiv last month and I know from young people.

A row with a napіvsferichnym and final yearbook of the Berozіvsky type, which can be called a vertical yearbook, in olden times, even widening, a horizontal yearbook. With this system, the lines, sounded inscribed in a chotirikutnik or in a colo, hung on a stone slab, hardened on a stand, until they went like a table. Horizontal lines of this type, naturally, will be hyperbolas for the summer and winter solstice, the tops of which lie on the meridian, even as the equator is a straight line that goes in the middle between them. Eleven year-old lines go downhill and downhill, sloping, more daedals straight ahead for the day. With this kind of rotting, the whole baby is shaped like a dovetail, or an antique podvynoy sokiri, the handle of which makes the meridian. That is why the Greeks, who gave such lovely names to handicraft tools to their figurative sprinyatty, called this dovetail system pelekinon.

Patroclus, not closer to us, "wine-keeper" of the year-axe, as he calls Yogo Vitruvius, widowed by his robot, as other wine-makers, the mathematical theory of the whole system. But empirically, such a horizontal table for the skin, which is behind the shadows of the sun on the earth (for the principles of daily education, is taken up by small astronomers from the middle school), asks itself. Having set the hands of crooked days on a flat, even surface, you can already control the practically adventitious sleepy year.

Vіtruvіy proponuє elementary kerіvnitstvo before, how to install the head of the whole armchair, the meridian. If I want to see the path of sleepy darkness and find the points of the line once a month, then it will appear that for an hour equal to the day we take a straight line, and for an hour of solstice a hyperbole, strongly bent to the meridian. In this way, by itself, the natural pattern of line expansion, geometrically calculates and encourages it to be right for mathematicians. Patroclus, later, was the first, who slayed for the horizontal year-old chiu geometric "pobudova".

Ancient artillery

Among the authors of the old-time artillery, the most important mechanics are Philo and Heron, those texts are very important, although they are safe with little ones. In the past century, philologists and Russian fakhivtsy trich raised their susilla to reconstruct ancient znaryaddya. Nareshti in the distance to prepare practical models, how to show how they worked the ancient machines of old. They killed the znaraddy, more importantly, from the tree, the kernels for the garmat boules from the piskovik and were important from 2 to 3 pounds. Vzagali, artillery was found close to 400 rubles. BC e. in Siracusa. Genial and energetic monarch, to whom we zavdyachuemo tsim innovations, buv Dionysius senior. Let's take a look at the key milestones in the development of artillery in antiquity.

Shards stagnated in antiquity, the armor rose from the primary bow, then we can look at the back of the "onion-like" armor.

Even Homer in the Iliad describes the famous horned cibulus Pandara. Archer Hercules as a national Greek hero. The bows of Philoctetes and Odysseus were especially pressed with a Greek epic. We know from the Odyssey how much strength was needed to stretch the tight bows of these heroes. To be able to work and for simple mortal tightness and descent of tight bows, we thought of a crossbow (crossbow) on the back. At its simple design, wines go after children's toys. It is certain that a similar self-shooter, as if he had crossed to a folding arm, was already in the Roman hour, maybe even earlier in Greece. Proteo Viysk writers do not say anything about this primitive streak. We are only familiar with two relief images found on the outskirts of Le Pyu in France and are saved in the Crozat Museum there. On the little one, bachimo, which in the simplest design of the vіdpovіdaє, zagal, modern children's toys. You bachite in the middle of the types of zholobok, at which an arrow is placed. The bowstring, strengthened to the ends of a tight wooden or metal bow, is pulled over the groove behind the help of a small block with teeth and then, when the descent is introduced, straight ahead. So, like on a little one, to pass under the bed of a crossbow, then stop, imovirno, a little on the side of the late cuts, like our childish self-shooters. With such an extension of the pull, when stretched to the mechanism that zatrimuє, pass between the upper and lower parts of the bed; after that, as an arrow is inserted, the pull is straight forward along the line with greater correctness.

Ale, Greek writers, however, do not tell us anything about the simple zbroy; maybe, oskіlki out, ring out, є ozbroєnyam myslivtsіv, and chi not voіnіv, scho mi bachimo on french relief images. These writers are ringing on a larger band, like a gastraphet. Tsya "string, scho natyaguetsya for the help of the stomach" like a crossbow, the bula was secured with a cibule, with a drawstring groove for a shooter. Ale, the tension of the string of the tight cibule could not be twisted simply by hands: for the string, the special mechanisms are to blame. antiquity Heron guilt

The Greeks vlashtovuvali zholobok for strilyanyni so that vin utvoryuvav groove, scho mav cut the shape of the dovetail. Behind this groove is the bar of the abo rake, and with a later spike it is the same with the look of the dovetail. The upper plank can be knitted along the lower one back and forth. Here mi, otzhe, may be schos for a little bit. If you want to load such a gastrafet, hang the bar in front of it. On the її rear end of the power there is a zachіp, which zaplyuє crossbow pull in the middle.

As soon as the crossbow is rested on the ground with a protruding tip, then the next end of the bed happens to be against the stomach of the archer. When the belly is pressed and the body is heavy on the whole rush, I go uphill again, and the tension is tensed. In this situation, it is necessary to get up for the help of two tricks. The zbroya at the zvedenoy is supposed to be placed on a support for the beast at the zholobok, an arrow is placed in front of the zvedeny pouch; Potim kiss and shy postril. For that zachіp, scho utrimu descent, zvіlnyаєєє vytyaguvannya especially zasuvka, the so-called descent. Negay tyativa with buzzing zrivayetsya z zachepa and send an arrow forward. From which I will attach a gastrafeta, fully built and strengthened by Zopir from Tarentum (imovirno on the cob of the IV century BC), artillery and catapults sprang up in the air. The stench is called differently, like an avtiton (I’ll shoot for throwing arrows or a catapult for the wet meaning of the word) or a palinton (a sign for throwing stone cores, specially called a ballista).

Prote is no less than bows and arrows tsikavili Viysk olden days. Finding the best way to beat the boules was invented and instilled in the life of Philo, like a wine-maker, for that hour, it is inexorable.

Vіnayshov is the tension mechanism, in some additional tension, whether of some magnitude, was created behind the help of the wedges, which are clogged with the right hand and left hand at the tension block. The wines were given the titles of halkoton, in which the springiness of forged bronze springs was used to tighten the cybuli. Tsі dotepnі attach buli copied by Schramm. Ale, in the olden days, the stink, maybe, success was not small. The springiness of bronze is easily accessible and secures less trivality, the creatures lived less soundly. However, in modern mortars, the springiness of the system of steel springs stagnates just like that. Filon even described winemaking in a nutshell, like the principle of developing modern automatic towels and machine guns with ancient projectiles, based on victorious springiness during twisting. Tsey polybol, wines of Dionysius of Oleksandriya, Y. The scar is also reconstructed. Irrespective of the foldability of the wine walker, its attachment to the reconstructed looking reloads itself.

The preparation of the zbroї to dії be carried out, like a zavzhd, by pulling the tativi doti, the docks її do not zachіp. The gate, which is to be tightened, is closed by a non-skirted lancet with a descent and, with a distant turn, it automatically calls out the zipper. At the same time s tim vіn dіє so, scho dermal once after postrіlu put a new arrow.

Above the groove for arrows (fighting groove) there is a virva with a dozen arrows. Z tієї virvi falls a chergovy arrow, which is like a sink in the posterior groove of the roller, which wraps around below.

When wrapping the roller, the arrow turns at the same time from and roztashovuetsya over the combat chute. Here the arrow swings down at the chute, and the left roller continues to wrap around; at that hour, like a wrapper, the devil's arrow is released, the roller of the beast from the virvi again hoots a new one. In this rank, tsey polibol, like a servant, one person, de facto, like a machine gun.

After that, as a substitute for crossbows and sluggish, important and torsional guns, harmati appeared, which are charged with gunpowder, and all other structures began to be known step by step. Couldn't resist the onslaught of the powder garmat, also the "steam garmat", blamed by Archimedes. Possibly, even with vague statements about him, Petrarch, not knowing I will arrange it, and Leonardo da Vinci, having described this harmata more precisely.

Tsei "thunderbolt", as shown in the upper little one, is folded from a harmonic trunk inserted into the brazier on a third of the yogo dozhini. There, I will be brought to a baked state, as if I were showing another little one. Above the right end of the trunk there is a cauldron with water. When wigvinchuvanni gvint, water flows into the baked part of the harmonic stovbur and there it turns into a couple, as if by force it throws the core, which lies in front. At the end, let’s talk about those who throw a garmat at the stage of six stages with a core of 1 talent.

Not all technical achievements and novelties could be seen in the distance from our robots. Rich someone from the reach of ancient times overcame inaccessible to the present-day successor from the oncoming reasons: earlier, too far away from us at the time-of-hours rosemary -Third, a lot of the technical novelties of antiquity, which have come down to us, are simply not implemented and not understood by our contemporary students.

We tried to describe and show graphically the main milestones in the development of the technical ideas of antiquity. Nasampered, tse zvichayno, military technique, shards of the ancient world of intransigence without war. Like Bachimo, the thought of Philo and Heron is far from being primitive. They created polyballs, ballista and other znaryaddya became a postal order for the creation of modern kulemetivs and garmats.

However, a peaceful life did not have a technical thought at home. Pobutovі drіbnitsі and gospodars'kі aggregates were created and thoroughly finished postіyno. In the case of convergence, the robots were presented to us by the descriptive method, since such a problem, like the ancient technique, can be most clearly seen at a glance, described by the system-pairing method. Possessing modern and ancient technology, you can try simple, far away modern technologies like Hellenic technology and at the same time, how much stench is close to its basis and implementation. The method of analysis of data, as a method of recovery and description of the storage parts of the object of extraction for the presentation of the object by a zagal, is being worked out. Analyzing that vivchayuchi antique tekhnіchnі udoskonalennya, you can put together a deep thought about ancient technology in general, as if about high-level answers directly to ancient science. In this way, not only the philosophy and light-budding occupied the minds of ancient times, but also real mechanical and technical problems, the creation and development of new and new aggregates, the expansion of new technical systems everywhere. That is why it is wrong and unscientific to put the summation of the technicality of the ancient world.

2. Scientific achievements of ancient Greeks

The ancient Greeks should give priority to the creation of philosophy as a science about the fundamental laws of the development of nature, the support of that thought, the system of ideas, looking at the world of that place in a new person; what doslіdzhuє pіznavalne, tsіnіsne, etichne that esthetically setting people to the world. Philosophy - love to Wisdom - formed a method that could win in different spheres of life.

Knowing little practical sense, the stench created the ground for mystectva-maisternosti - "techne", but the stink swelled and the significance of the theory, knowledge for the sake of knowledge, knowledge for the sake of truth.

Greek philosophy cannot be understood without aesthetics - the theory of beauty and harmony.

The ancient Greek aesthetics was a part of undifferentiated knowledge. The rudiments of rich sciences have not yet emerged in independent galleys under the single tree of human knowledge.

The idea of ​​the beauty of the world to pass through ancient aesthetics. The light-gazers of old Greek natural philosophers have no desire for darkness in the objective world of that reality of its beauty. For the first natural philosophers, it is more beautiful - the whole harmony is the beauty of the All-World. In this case, it is more aesthetic and cosmological to stand out from unity. Vsesvit for ancient Greek natural philosophers - space (Vsesvit, peace, harmony, embellishment, beauty, outfit, order). In the final picture of the world, a manifestation about yoga harmony, beauty is turned on. Therefore, all the sciences in Ancient Greece were united into one - cosmology.

In the view of the ancient Egyptians, who developed science in a practical aspect, the ancient Greeks saw the theory prevail.

Philosophy and philosophic approaches to the culmination of any scientific problem lie at the basis of ancient Greek science. It is impossible to see the scientists who dealt with "pure" scientific problems. In ancient Greece, all centuries were philosophers, thinkers and had little knowledge of the main philosophical categories.

The greatest philosophers of Ancient Greece are: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates is one of the founders of dialectics as a method of searching for the knowledge of truth. Head principle- "Know yourself and you know the whole world," so that the perekonannya in what self-knowledge is a path to a reasonable good. In ethics, honesty is more knowledgeable, and the reason is shtovhay people for good things. A person who knows will not fix nasty things. Socrates recited his speech orally, passing on knowledge from the dialogues to his teachings, from the works of which we knew about Socrates. So, from the works of Plato "Dialogues with Socrates" the light of knowledge about the basis of the legendary Atlantis.

Plato's theory is the first classical form of objective idealism. Ideas (among them, a thing is an idea of ​​good) - eternal and postyni prototypes of speeches, of the whole past and a dull butt. Speech is like that expression of ideas. The position of writing in the works of Plato "Benket", "Phaedrus", "Derzhava" and in. In the dialogues of Plato, we know a rich-faceted characteristic of the beautiful. When asked to ask: "What is more beautiful?" vin tried to characterize the very essence of beauty. Zreshtoy, beauty for Plato is an aesthetically original idea. You can know її a person, less than perebubayuchi at the camp of a special spirit. Plato's concept of beauty is idealistic. Rational in Yogo vchenni thought about the specificity of aesthetic experience.

The teaching of Plato is Aristotle, who was the guardian of Oleksandr the Great. Vіn є the founder of scientific philosophy, trays, vchennya about the main principles of buttya (the possibility of that creation, the form of that matter, the reason for that). The main areas of yoga interests are people, ethics, politics, and art. Aristotle is the author of the books "Metaphysics", "Physics", "About the Soul", "Poetics". On the face of Plato, for Aristotle, the miracle is not an objective idea, but the objective quality of speeches. Size, proportions, order, symmetry - the power of the beautiful. Beauty, according to Aristotle, speaks of the mathematical proportions of speeches, "so it is reasonable to study mathematics. Aristotle, having hung the principle of proportionality of a person and a beautiful object. Beauty in Aristotle speaks like the world, and the world of everything is the person herself. "above the world." In these worlds of Aristotle about the truth, it is wonderful to avenge the same humanist principle, which is the same in the most ancient science.

Philosophy showed the need for a human orientation of a person, which broke with traditional values ​​and turned to reason as a way of solving problems, the recognition of a new, unresolved solution.

Mathematics is seen to post Pythagoras, who created the multiplication table and the theorem, which of his name, wielding the power of numbers and proportions. The Pythagoreans developed ideas about the "harmony of the spheres". For them, the world is the whole cosmos. The stinks show the understanding of the beautiful as a wild picture of the world, and it seems to be up to the moral and religious directing of one's philosophy for the understanding of the good. Exploring the nutrition of musical acoustics, the Pythagoreans posed the problem of tonal variation and tried to give it a mathematical expression: setting the octave to the fundamental tone is equal to 1:2, quinti - 2:3, quarter - 3:4 thinly. Sounds scream, that the beauty is harmonious. There, de protilezhnosti perebuvayut at the "proportional sum", there is good, healthy people. Equal and non-superlative harmony is not required. Harmony appears there, de є nerіvnіst, єdnіst raznomanіtnogo. Musical harmony is an osmosis of vibrations of the harmony of light, її sound expression. "The whole sky is harmony and number," the planets are sharpened and attached to the piercing spheres. Intervals between spheres are strictly harmoniously spivvіdnosya among themselves like intervals of tones of an octave. The planets are collapsing, seeing the sounds, and the height of the sound lies in the wind. Prote our vuho not zdatne to catch the light harmony of the spheres. The manifestations of the Pythagoreans are important, as a sign of their evocativeness in the fact that the All-Light is Harmonious.

In the sphere of physics, one can name the father of Archimedes, who appeared as the author of the all-worldly law, but also "the author of numerical wines.

The democrat, who had discovered the basis of atoms, also gave due respect to the whispers of food: "What is beauty?" At the new aesthetics of the beautiful, yoga ethical views and the principle of utilitarianism were lifted. Vіn vvazhav, that the person is guilty of pragnation of bliss and complacency. On yoga thought, "do not hesitate to be-such a person, but only such, as if tied with a beautiful one." At the appointed beauty Demokrit has such power, like the world, proportion. To the one who crosses them, "the most likely to become unacceptable."

In Heraclitus, the rosy beauty is permeated with dialectics. For the new harmony is not static equal, like for the Pythagoreans, but a dynamic state that collapses. Superechnіst - the creator of harmony and intelligence of the beautiful: those who disperse to converge, and it is fine to walk around in the past, and all come through the brotherhood. At this unity of proportions, Heraclitus succumbs to a glimpse of harmony and the essence of beauty. First, Heraclitus put the nourishment of the nature of the spy of the beautiful: it is not tainted with the help of an abstract calculation, it is recognized intuitively, by a way of looking.

Inspection of practice of Hippocrates in the gallery of medicine and ethics. VIN - Assignant Scientific Medicine, Author of Vechenna about the Tsilsniy to organism of the people, the theory of the іndivoal pіddemnov before the ailless, the traditional ledwood, prazi, in the Yakika Special, respect for the Trexa moral image of the Like, the author receive a medical diploma. Until now, this is the deathless rule for doctors: don't be a bad patient. From the medicine of Hippocrates, the transition to the religious and mystical manifestations about all processes, related to the health and ailments of the people, to the rational explanation begun by the Ionian natural philosophers, was completed. The doctors of the school of Hippocrates were also philosophers.

Herodotus and Xenophon are the authors of the history. Herodotus, having begun his Greek historiography well, turned the shards of wine to the central, politically significant subdivisions of modern history, which he himself experienced. "Father of History" having deviated from the reliable cycle of historical podias, having continued them in marriage, prote yogo practice characterizes the faith in the role of religious and ethical forces in history.

Herodotus is a great mandriving man. Zavdyaki yomu mi maєmo numerical reports about the people - Herodotus' co-workers, their names, the way of life that about the lands, and those stinks lived. Describing geographic location tієї chi іnshої kraїni, Herodotus zdіysnyuvav opovіd as a reference geographer.

But more in the field of geography, all the same, Ptolemy is the author of the famous "Geography", which became the link of ancient knowledge about the world, and for a long time (right up to the middle of the century) was crowned with majestic popularism.

3. Scientific and technical achievements of the Hellenistic period

A characteristic feature of the intellectual life of Hellenism was the development of special sciences in the form of philosophy. The accumulated accumulation of scientific knowledge, the cumulative transformation of the reach of different peoples called for a further differentiation of scientific disciplines.

Zagalnі pobudovi natural philosophies of the past helped to satisfy the equal development of sciences, yakі vymagali vznachennya laws and rules of skin discipline discipline.

The development of scientific knowledge led to the systematization and collection of accumulated information.

Libraries are being created near a number of places, most of them are in Oleksandriya and Pergamon. The Oleksandriya Library was the largest book collection of the Hellenistic world. A leather ship, which arrived to Oleksandriya, as if on a new one, like a literary work, is guilty either to sell their libraries, or to make a copy. At I st. BC Oleksandriya library had up to 700 thousand copies. papyrus suvois. The Crimea of ​​the main library (it was called "royal") in Oleksandriya, another one was opened, at the temple of Sarapis. At II. BC Pergamon king Eumenes II having fallen asleep at the library near Porgami. scho supernichala s Oleksandriyskaya.

In Pergamum itself, the material for writing from the veal coat (parchment, or "parchment") was thoroughly completed: the parchment was embarrassed to write on the coat at the link with it, that the passage of papyrus from Egypt to Pergamum was fenced.

Great veins rang out at the courts of the Greek monarchs, as if they were given bones for a reason. At the court of Ptolemy, a special institution was created that united the vchenih, so the titles of Museyon ("Temple of the Muses"). Vcheni lived in Museion, carried out scientific studies there (under Museion there were zoological and botanical rocks, an observatory). The interplay of the wives among themselves absorbed scientific creativity, and at the same time the wives stumbled in the fallow land in the sight of the tsar's power, which could not but directly infuse that zmist of their work.

Museion is associated with the activity of Euclid (3rd century AD) - the famous mathematician, who reached the reach of geometry at the book "Cobs", which served as the main handbook of geometry stretching over two thousand years. At Oleksandriya, a few years of life are alive and one of the greatest scientists of old - Archimedes, mathematician, physicist and mechanic. Yogo winemakers served at the expense of the native place of Archimedes of Syracuse during the defense against the Romans.

The development of astronomy has a great role for the Babylonian scientists. Kidin from Sipnara, who is alive at the turn of IV and III Art. BC having calculated the trivality of rock even closer to the true one, as if allowed, having added tables of visible revolutions of the Moon and planets.

The astronomer Aristarkh of the island of Samos (3rd century AD) made a brilliant conjecture about the wrappings of the Earth around the Sun. Ale did not have a moment to bring his hypothesis neither with the help of rozrakhunkiv, nor with the help of a guardian. Most of the astronomers decided this idea, although the Babylonian teachings of Seleucus of Chaldea and others spoke at the її zahist (II century).

The great contribution to the development of astronomy was made by Hipparchus of Nica (II century BC), who became the Babylonian tables of obscurity. Hocha Gipiarh speaking against heliocentrism, yogo city was clarified calendar, Lupi vіd the Earth (close to the day); Vіn pіdkreslyuvav, that the mass of the Son is richer than the earth. Hipparchus was also a geographer, who had explained the understanding about longitude and latitude.

Viysk's trips and expensive trade calls called for the promotion of interest in geography. The greatest geographer of the Hellenistic time was Eratosthenes from Kyreni, who was a pratsyuvav near Museioni. Vіn uvіv have science itself the word "geography". Eratosthenes, taking up the calculation of the stake of the earth's backyard; vіn vvazhav, scho Europe-Asia-Africa - tse island at the ocean of light. Vіn vysloviv pripuschennya about mozhlive sea ​​way to India around Africa.

Of the other natural sciences, the next place is medicine, which has united in this period the reach of Egyptian and Greek medicine; the science of growing (botany). Tsya the rest of the goiter taught Aristotle to Theophrastus, the author of the "History of Russia".

Hellenistic science for її reach was of an extremely speculative character.

Hypotheses were discussed, but were not brought up experimentally. The main way of scientific research was caution; Hipparchus, speaking out against the theories of Aristarchus of Samos, calling out "to bury the manifestations," tobto. get out of the uninterrupted guards. Logic, which was in the recesses of classical philosophy, was the main tool for inspiring development. These peculiarities were brought to the point that they were different fantastic theories, which were calmly based on true scientific knowledge. So, in the order of astronomy, astrology has expanded widely - vchennya about the infusion of the stars of the life of people, moreover, astrology was also engaged in serious studies.

The sciences about suspіlstvo have grown weak in natural science: at the royal courts, it was possible to engage in political theories; at once, the boisterous podії, connected with the campaigns of Oleksandr and yogo by traces, called out the interest in history: people started to comprehend today in a minute. There are descriptions of the history of the okremikh krajn (my Greek): the priest Manefol wrote the Egyptian history; yogo rozpodіl tsієї іstorії for the period for the kingdoms and for the dynasties dosі accepted in the іstorіchnіy pavutsі; the Babylonian priest and astronomer Beros, who worked on the island of Kos, having created a legacy of Babylonian history; Timey pissed on TV and told about the history of Sicily and Italy. Dasha in relatively small centers had their own historians: for example, in the 3rd century. BC At Chersonese, a decree was adopted in honor of Sirisk, who wrote the history of Chersonesos. The prote successes of historical science were the culprit of kіlkіsnі, and chi not yakіsnі. Most of the historical works are few descriptions, but the main character.

Only the greatest historian of the Hellenistic period, Polybius (II century AD), developing Aristotle’s ideas about the best of the state life, creating a cyclical theory of the line of state forms: for the minds of lack of power and chaos, people rob their own leader: blame the monarchy; but step by step the monarchy turns into tyranny and changes to aristocratic rulers. If the aristocracy ceases to talk about the interests of the people, now the power is changing to democracy, as in the process of development it will again lead to chaos, the discord of the whole supremacy of life, and the need for the choice of the leader will arise again ... Such a look at historical science was typical for the period of Hellenism. A new human discipline appeared for the Greeks - philology. The philologists were engaged in the main rank of criticism of the texts of ancient authors (reviewing the right works as false ones, accepting pardons) and commenting on them. Already in that era, there was a "homer" food: the theory of "rozdiluvachiv" appeared, as they respected the "Iliad" and "Odyssey") written by different authors.

The technical achievements of the Hellenistic lands were the main rank of military justice and everyday life, tobto. near the quiet galuzahs, near the rosettes of such boules, the rulers of these lands, and like stench, stained majestic cats. The oblogue technique is being improved - metal projectiles (catapults and balls), as they threw important stones at a distance of up to 300 m. And the most important were the ropes from the woman's hair: they were clearly smeared with oil and split, which guaranteed good springiness. Under the hour, the women often cut their hair and gave yoga to the needs of the defense of the native place. There were created special oblogovі vezhi - gelepoli ("to take places"): high wooden spores in the form of a zirzanoї pyramid, put on wheels. Gelepola was led (with the help of people and creatures) to the walls of the lined place; in the middle of it were warriors and metal missiles.

The progress of the oblogovy technique resulted in the improvement of defensive spores: the walls became thicker and thicker, at the richly overlaid walls there were batons for archers and metal projectiles. The need for the everyday life of hard walls has spilled over into the wild development of budding technology.

The greatest technical achievements at that time were the life of one of the "seven wonders of the world" - a lighthouse, laid out on the island of Pharos Helios, which stood at the entrance to the port of Rhodes ("the ear of Rhodes"), the temple of Artemides in Ephesus, the tomb of Mausolus, the ruler of Kariy IV century BC (Mausoleum)., at the entrance to the Oleksandriya harbor. Vіn buv three-tiered vezhey height is close to 120 m. go screw(Donkeys could climb along it). The lighthouse also served as a guard post, a new garrison near the new one.

Deyakі vdoskonalennya you can posterigate and in other blinds of virobnitstva, but at the same time, the work was cheap, so that you can call for serious changes in technology. Pokazovaya at tsomu vіdnoshenі є the share of deyaky vіdkrittіv. The great mathematician and mechanic Heroes of Oleksandrіysky became the champion of the power of the bet: having created a fitting that was formed from a boiler with water, that empty kuli. When the water warmed up, the steam went through the pipes into the sump and went out of it through two other pipes, wrapping around the sump. Geron created the Lyalkovy Theater of Automatics. Ale and the steam cooler, and the automatic machines have lost more than fun; їх vinakhіd without vplinuv on the development of virility in the world of Hellenism.

4. Scientific and technical achievements of the Roman period

At 146 p. to the sound e. the Romans to strike at the Achaean League and subjugate Greece.

At pіznavalno-scientific vіdnoshnі the Greeks stood richly behind the Roman suspіlstvo. While the Romans took a lot of things from the Greeks (brilliant technical and scientific achievements), however, science did not take away the same essential development from Ancient Rome, like from Greece.

Why is it on the right? The bunch of Bulul was injected to finish the bagato tsikavikh of the dummy of the vicdo vichens of the slaves of the slaughterhouse in the Wiberian in the Old Aznoyom Rimi, Ale Mayu Takozhi Tiku, hut, and the way, it was reinforced. become more uninterrupted wars. Zagarbnitsky wars changed into gromadyansky ones, once again they saved the rebels, just like the Greeks led a remarkably peaceful way of life.

The uninterrupted wars, out of necessity, led Ancient Rome to the militarization of the ruler's life and the suspenseful wake. It is important that the very militarization played a vital role in the stagnation of Roman science. At the same time, a technical success is expected here for a lot of success, especially for everyday life and laying roads. Roman budіvlі were not only called fast, but they were appointed by an over-the-top mіtsnistyu. Їx cement, sound prepared more resolutely, with an hour daedalі more solids. Zavdyaky tsomu, all life became nachebto vilithy from one solid monolith, wind it up in the given hour, after the centuries of old, the wall of the ancient Roman masonry does not fall apart into pieces, and it is necessary to live in even the great zusil, to break it.

A special place was occupied by Roman roads, which were paved with stone and preserved until our time. The first of the border roads, which covered the whole of Italy in the past, was the so-called Appieva road, prompted in IV-III Art. BC In the Republican era, the life of hard bridges and aqueducts, their own water pipes, that supply water to Rome and other places of Italy, also begins. So, the aqueduct of Appi Claudius was prompted in 311 r. BC, and the length of yoga became 16.5 km.

The Roman army also took part in everyday work, which became for Serpnya (63 BC -14 BC) fast, the legions were not dispersed after campaigns, like in the period of the republic. In the legions, Augustus introduced the old Science and technology in Ancient Rome, the Roman system of learning and learning. Krіm military rights, the soldiers of Mali vikonuvat numerical budіvelnі robots. The stinks made tabirnі sporudi that fortified, were roads, bridges, water pipes, sporudzhuvali cordon fortified lines and steli their savings. Clothes, zbroya that military equipment, which is seen as a power, was successful in special tabirnyh meisternya.

During the hours of sickness, there is interest in technical problems, calling for intensive everyday life and the development of technology in the heat. With the butt of which, the work of the architect Mark Vitruvius Pollion "About architecture" is famous in 10 books. Zmіst pratsі Vіtruvіya shirshe yogo name, oskіlki the book is consecrated like architecture in the sense of the word (books 1 - 7), and th applied mechanics. So, Vіtruvіy gives a description of pіdyomnih mehanіzmіv (polyspastіv), priladіv for podnyatty vіdnyat (tympanіv), for vimіryuvanny vіdstanі, traversed by the crew (type of hourly taximeter) that іn Urogenets Ponta, Greek Strabo (66 r. BC n.e. ) having written my Greek, significant world on the basis of the Lord's guards, "Geography" in 17 books.

Vaughn has come to us more and more and is one of the main sources of our knowledge about the geographical manifestations of quiet hours. Otzhe, in ancient times, the first reports about electrical and magnetic phenomena were taken away. However, look at the nature of optical and electromagnetic phenomena continued to be overrun with primitive and distant scientific explanations more old fates.

The most important reason for the formation of an active, transforming staging of a person to the world was the vision of science into an independent sphere of culture, which happened in the ancient world. Ale, a weak link between science and practical diyalnistyu, making the farthest rush tsim path.

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The role of the ancient Greek civilization in the history of humankind is great, foldable and rich in plan. Tse buv is not only a tight civilized breakthrough. Ancient Greece acted as its own historical maisterna, de Bulo created a lot of workpieces, took away their further processing and completely no more advancing civilizations. Democracy and private authority, freedom of the people and the bulk of the language, materialism and idealism in all the most important warehouses of the modern civilizational development were born in Ancient Greece. Nevipadkovo, the history of Europe understands the renaissance of antiquity, the Old Greek civilization. People of the next hundred years were joking at her point of support for the further development of the spiritual world of people, science and culture, more importantly reaching the Old Greek civilization, the development of human specialty.

To the very first in the history of the great spivtovaristvo of the Greeks my goiter is the appearance of a scientific mind as a type of lucidity. The Greeks created the foundations of philosophical science in a dialectical unity of an idealistic and materialistic view of the world. The stench itself, having perceived the significance of the past for today and the future, created the science of history. Ethics and geography, psychology and trigonometry, physics and anatomy, and a lot of other sciences are given to ancient Greeks not only by their people, but by their names. The ancient Greek fatherland of a wealth of conceptual ideas that have become today’s scientific truth: the atomic nature of life, the wrapping of the Earth on its axis, the planets of the Sun and Ale in our world today have gone and a lot of specific wines. It is important to believe that even the first alarm clock is Vinais Plato, and the current taxi driver may be the prototype of the mechanism created by the Alexandrian mechanic Godon.

A unique contribution of ancient Greece to the secular culture and mysticism. Today, at our stores, you can read the Iliad of Homer and the Versh Sappho with the books of Tolstoy, Nabokov, Hemingway. We take it as a natural part of our modern culture. Ancient Greece gave the world theatre, the genres of tragedy and comedy. These are the best zrazki do not go off the stage, and richly generations exude the tragedies of Eschylus and Sophocles, the comedies of Aristophanes with their own secret and day-to-day sense. Architecture, sculpture and painting of Ancient Greece have long since gone to the treasury of the world culture, to a number of її great sights, to which one can be seen the Temple of Athena Divi Parthenon, and the Discobolus of Myron, and Aphrodite Kіndska Praxiteles, and Nіka Samothrakіjska - a symbol of the When speaking about the old Greek mysticism, we often live the word in the past. In the first half of the 5th BC The artist Polygont first finished archaic flatness and sparseness of the image. His richly shaped compositions created the illusion of deep space. Myron first at the sculpture zooms to convey the moment of the transition of the body from one to the other. The first painter of the sense of the word, who zastosuvav svіtlotin (the basis, de rozvivsya painting of a new hour), was Apollodorus of Athens. Ale, singsongly, more headily, that the Old Greek civilization gave us that ideal of the harmonious beauty of a human being, which, with all the diversity of the culture of the coming thousand, is so inexorable. Not captivating themselves in the face of a tragic whirlwind of butt, the Greeks made a marvelous building for the sake of life, bachiti and embrace its beauty.