Abstract on the topic “The process of posting foreign words in Russian”. Positioning in modern Russian language: history of appearance, causes, problems, and apply the best practices to the process, and all are related to

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Stokolias Oleksandra

IN to the current world, which is rapidly developing at all direct routes, foreign language is the main way of communication. The expansion of international contacts, in some English lands, may be more important in all areas of activity, to welcome the constant appearance of English and Russian.

Zavantage:

Front view:

Togliatti State University
Department "Theory and Methods for the Development of Foreign Languages"

that cultures"
"Days of Science TSU"

Abstract topic:

"Deposition of words - natural and necessary process development"

Vikonal robot: Oleksandra Stokolas

student 10 "B" class

MBU "School No. 41"

Kerivnik: English movie teacher

Alekseva Darya Anatoliivna

g.o. Tolyatti, 2019

Introduction………………………………………………………………………….

1. Ways to improve the vocabulary of the language………………………..

2. 3 of these languages are formed English language……………………………..

3. Russian language has appeared………………………………………………

4. Englishism………………………………………………………………..

Visnovok………………………………………………………………………..

References…………………………………………………………….

Entry

In today's world, which develops rapidly in all directions, foreign language is the main source of communication. The expansion of international contacts, in some English lands, may be more important in all areas of activity, to welcome the constant appearance of English and Russian. Vcheni-linguistics create such a phenomenon, like Anglo-Russian bilingualism, which, perhaps, is the legacy of the globalization of English language. At the vocabulary of S.I. Ozhegov is given such a designation: anglicism is the whole word, or the current turn of the language, is positioned from the English language, or the creation of the English word is the same.

Relevance of our work stands out for the importance of English in the life of the Russian society.

Tsіl see the appearances of a wider English language behind the Russian language.

Object follow-up: words behind English.

Subject anglicisms in Russian language.

Stand in front of us task:

find out in what ways you can populate the dictionary
learn the history of vocabulary replenishment in English and Russian languages
find out what anglicism is and if the stench began to come to the Russian language

Ways to improve the vocabulary of the movie

The rest of the hour became the Daedalus more and more foreign languages that terminіv at different galuzyakh of our life: science and technology - computer, display, player; financial - commercial activity - barter, investment, sponsor, holding; in the cultural sphere - bestsellers, westerns, thrillers, hits, blockbusters. In everyday speech, foreign words often sound, such as twix, hamburger, sprite, boombox, party, toaster, mixer, photocopy.

Establish three main ways to improve the word stock of the language - yogo word and meaning:

1. semantic;

2. morphological;

3.position;

semantic path that position power to all language without blame;morphologicallyslovotvir as a way to improve the vocabulary of the language and individual language.Morphological– enlightenment of new words with the improvement of basic words and morphemes of a given movie (computer, disk drive, liquidator); semantic - reinterpretation of words, the appearance of new meanings in words, in times a word can be transferred from the names of the authorities to the names of the zagalny. (ohm, ampere, omi, ampere); postposition slіv z іnshih mov (website, courier). The most productive in the enriched vocabulary of modern Russian is the morphological word-creation, that is the creation of new words with the improvement of the language of the literal material by the way of the regular combination of morphemes in the word.

We were asked by the third way to improve the word stock - by positioning words from other words.

Positivity of vocabulary є on the basis of intermodal peoples in the soil of economic, political, scientific and cultural links.

Most of the retroactive words are used in the language in order to name new objects or phenomena that did not exist earlier in the language, and also the retropositional words can be synonyms to name already existing objects and phenomena. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya, akscho zapozichene the word like іnakshe characterizes the subject, or є zagalnopriynyatnymіzhnаtsіonalny termіnі or provodzhuієєі vіd vаdzhuєєєєєєєє in mov forcibly (during military occupation). Richly-meaningful words will sound at one of their own meanings, at their own meanings of the word become higher.

The younger generation is actively using English words in their promos, for those who have already penetrated and dominated Russian language for a long time. From one side, the appearance of new words, I can give you more vocabulary stock wear, and from the other side - mova spends its beauty and originality. Ale Russian language does not disappear and does not cease to be used, even if it is positioned - an effective way to enrich the vocabulary stock, be it language. Actual words cannot be taken by foreign ones. Take for example the word number. In all European language, like in Russian, it came from Latin, and in Latin it drank from Greek. Yoga is based on an even more ancient Indo-European root. What is my own, and what is foreign?

Mova is a whole living organism, and the people are a whole warehouse. Vіn (mova) quickly attaches and chooses new words, but if people do not vikoristovuyut їх, then the stench does not “take root” in the language. Irrespective of those who have a lot of writers and b'yut in a flash, who in our language are rich in foreign words, the language itself will wake up all the indecent. The presence of the Russian language of great number of backward words gives the possibility of becoming rich and rich and the same natural way of developing a language.

2. English language

A great role in the development of the vocabulary warehouse of the English was played by the positioning of the Latin and French language. Likewise, the Scandinavian movi singed into the vocabulary of the English nada.The history of modern English began in the 8th century BC. During this period, the territory of Great Britain was inhabited by the Celts, yakі spolkuvalsya Celtic mine. So the very word "Britain" resembles the Celtic - brith - rose-farmed.After Great Britain conquered the great Caesar, and in the 1st century BC. її became a part of the Roman Empire. The Romans began to move there, as if they were embarrassed and quarreled with the local population, that with the Celts, which was marked by mine. So, modern English had words with Latin roots. So the Romans and the Celts worked together one by one, establishing new English words until the 5th century of our eri. In the middle of the 11th century, the French conquered England. So, in the history of the development of the English language, the era of three languages began: French - for the aristocracy and the ship system;

latin - for science and medicine;Anglo-Saxon- For the common people.

The mixing of three of these clerks gave the beginning of the formation of modern English. Zavdyaki zmіshannu vocabulary stock zbіlshivsya vdvіchі. The vocabulary was divided into high (French) and low (German) versions of the language. The same villagers called their creatures English, and the butchers of the city called the meat of these creatures French. Modern English domestic creatures call these meats different words: cow - beef (cow - yalovichina), pig - pork (pig - pork), (sheep - lamb) (vіvtsya - lamb), hen - chicken (chicken - chicken meat ).

Irrespective of all foreign factors, which are poured into English, the core of the Anglo-Saxon has been lost. In the 14th century, the English literary, as well as mine, which they acquire enlightenment, and so the first grammatical rules began to appear. On the cob of mass migration from England Pivnichnu America, the language began to change there in a different direction. This is how the British, American and other variants of modern English appeared, as if today one kind of one (grammatically, phonetically, lexically) is used.

3. The Russian language appeared

Іsnuє kіlka theories appeared russian. Some verses link the Russian language with the ancient Indian Sanskrit, while another theory asserts the connection with the Old Scandinavian language.

According to the first theory, Russian language is based on Sanskrit. And then we should note that we caught Sanskrit in a simpler version, which did not develop over the remaining 4-5 thousand years. Vchennya revealed, that, 60% of the words in Sanskrit are used in Russian for their own vim, and the only thing that inspires Russian in Sanskrit is the way of writing:.

Another theory is a hypothesis about those that the language may have an old Scandinavian root, and Russia itself was created by the Swedish Vikings. The very appearance of them resembles the future great princes of Old Russia. For example, in the old birch bark letters 11-13 st. Novgorodians vvazhayut Russian territory similar words beat Kiev and Chernihiv. I less than 14 tbsp. during the battle with the fortune tellers, the lithographers signify their belonging to the Russian ones.

It seems that the current norms of vocabulary and grammar in Russian language were formed in the past in combination with the rich variety of English dialects, as if they were wider on the territory of Old Russia and Church Slavonic language language. So on the letter form great infusion walnut culture. And just like thatThe era of feudal fragmentation, having taken shape of the tongues, yak stale in the territory where people lived. In this order, in the wake of the skhidnoslovyanskoy, three independent mov were seen:Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian. Russian mova lie down to the skhіdnoslov'yansk (old Russian) subgroup of words'yansk group of Indo-European language.

The history of vintage and development of the Russian bere is close to 2-1 yew. rockiv to zv. e., if from the group of Indo-European mov we saw the Proto-Slovakian dialect.

The ancient Russian language is mentally subdivided into 3 groups of ethnic linguistics: pivdennoruska (Bulgarians, Slovenes, Serbo-Croats); zahіdnorosіysk (Poles, Czechs, Pomors, Slovaks); middle Russian (skhidna).

We are compiling a list of reasons and explanations for the similarity of English and Russian movies. Later, in the past, a lot of words in offensive language came from French, though for other reasons. In a different way, mov, as we can see, є representatives of the Indo-European sіm'ї * that similarity is manifested in the obviousness of vulgar grammatical meanings, categories and functions. Therefore, in the rich words of both mov, the roots of their old-fashioned wisdom are heard. The words were backwards, the stench was spitting. It is not uncommon to be surprised at the fact that “smoothly Russian” words are spoken the same way in English. Thirdly, there is a large number of foreign Russians English words approved as a Greek and Latin root. It seems that Latin was internationally accepted by me, and later, it brought a great number of words to other languages, for example, even if all medical terminology is based on Latin.

*Naprikinci III - cob II yew. BC from the Indo-European Sim'ї, the old-Slov'yan language was created, as a basis for the word'yan' language. In the X - XI centuries. the pre-Slovian language was subdivided into 3 groups of language: Polish , Czech, Slovak), pivdennoslovyanska (spread into Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian-Croatian) and skhidnoslovyanska.

4. Anglicism

Anglicism - zaposichennya z English vocabulary. The stench began to penetrate into the Russian language from the beginning of the 19th century, and yet their number remained small until 1990; Nearly 15% of English people are late to form words that appeared to meet the needs of the name of a new speech or understanding (make up-make-up-make-up; concealer-concealer-olivets-corrector; termopot-thermopot-kettle-thermos).

Є different options one can subdivide them into groups:

words, like dіyshli movi for naming a new subject;
words that may be synonymous with Russian language can be replaced by equivalents.

Straight to the side. These are the words, like barter exchange, shop - shop, weekend - holidays, money - pennies, image - image, as well as spray, sponsor, speechwriter, investor, price list, cupcake, stand, sports and other.

Hybrids. And here the meaning of the foreign word (dzherela) is changed, for example: speak (to speak - speak), buzz (busy - chewy, noisy), hacker - a person who can hack computer programs and others.

Tracing paper. Words that get used to the savings of their phonetic and graphic look, for example: login, password, disk, virus.

Napivkalka. Words, like a hour of grammatical learning, follow the rules of Russian grammar), for example: shop-shop (shop) “Let's go shop” - in the meaning “robit purchases”.

Exoticism . Words that characterize the specific national sounds of other peoples, for example: hot dog (hot-dog), chips (chips), cheeseburger (cheeseburger), ser, mister, lord, lunch, pound, pence.

Inshomovny blotches. Tse so viraznі words yak ok (ok), wow (wow). Їх mi chuєmo mayzhezhen day, turning on the radio chi tv, we chuєmo, for example: Google began to change its business plans; to connect to the Internet, you need to go back to the provider; Nezabar will see a briefing that іn.

Composites . Words that are made up of two English words, for example: second-hand - a store that sells clothes, that it is a vzhitku; video-salon - a room for reviewing films; express-cafe - schvidke cafe, tobto schvidke service; business lady - Dilova woman, reality-show-staging in real time and in.

Professionalismthe words abo virazi are called, as they are victorious by professionals in this and other spheres, for example, computer slang: interface, chip, driver, animation, virtual, printer.

Jargon. Words that appeared after the creation of some sounds, for example: crazy (crazy) - divine.

Visnovok

English Mova B_льша Nіzh Be-Yaka Інша мова MALA MOVALІST POSOPOVATE Іносемні волові воловами видания заперевная покотовки: Spear in Seredni Vіki Vіd Izbarbnikіv, Scho Zmіnyenova One one on the British Islands, and Pіznіshki in Umovati Trading Ekspansіїi Tu Kolіztatorsko's ACTING EXPANSIA. It is improved that the number of quiet words in the English vocabulary is less than 30%.Linguistics is confirmed, that today's English is a change in different languages, and today it is not static, constantly changing. Tse i є main vіdminnіstyu tsієї movi vіd іnshih evropeyskih prislіvnikіv. English does not only allow, but rather neologisms, different dialects and variants. Yak bachimo, vin dosi preserves the tradition of "changing speeches".

Also, the postposition of words is a natural process of development. To finish the large number of linguists save the optimistic mood so as to infuse anglicisms into the Russian language. Adzhe lexicon zapozichennya zbagachuyut mova. From whom the main vocabulary is taken, and the grammatical device of the language is left behind.

The conductor of anglicisms in Russian language adopted slang. Vіn potіsniv i prodovzhuє vіtіsnyati normative vocabulary. People called until the new and for an hour they won’t guess that the song words are not the usual literary language. Sometimes we don't think it matters, the signs of the stench appear in our lives and what the stench means.

Otzhe, vіdbuvaєtsya anglotizatsіya rosіyskoї. The younger generation cannot but win the English words in their promos, the shards of many who have already penetrated into the Russian language long ago. On the one hand, the appearance of new words expands the vocabulary of the language, on the other, its originality and unique beauty are used. Words that stink like Russian manners, can’t always say the very ones that can say the words of a native language.

List of references

1. Breiter M.A. Reflection in English language: history and perspectives: A guide for foreign Russian students. - Vladivostok: "Dialog" view. 2003.
2. Vaulina E.Yu., Sklyarevska G.M. Let's say it right!: The newest and most wide-ranging positions in the current Russian language. - M., 2004.

3. Vinokur G.O. Notes from the English vocabulary. - Moscow, 1999.

4. Dal V.M. Tlumachny glossary live great Russian movie. M: Russian language, 1981.

5. Dyakov A.I. Causes of intensive positing of anglicisms in modern Russian language. // Mova i kultura. - Novosibirsk, 2003.

6.Krysin L.P. Inshomonic words in English language. - Moscow, 2006.

7.Krisin L.P. Іnshomovnі words in daily life. English Mova of the XX century. - Moscow, 1996.

8. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. The cloudy dictionary of Russian: 800 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. Russian Institute V.V. Vinogradiv. - 4th view., Additional. - M.: Azbukovnik, 1999.

Entry

The methodical and theoretical basis of this study was the work of such scholars-linguists as Krisin L.P. (“About the causes of lexical positioning”), Rozentsveig V.Yu. (“Movni contacts”), Shcherba L.V. "rozvitku"). In their robots, further culture and history of the countries were carried out, from which they came to the English language.

Relevance tsієї roboti is mindful of the fact that inshomovnі words take up most of the language, and the process of positioning is uninterrupted. English language is considered one of the richest languages in the world, which includes an indistinguishable number of other words. More and more often, there are complaints about the current position, as they should be poured into different spheres of activity. The English language continued to grow richly, and uninterruptedly continued its development. He has a great number of words to enter from the ninth of dead mov, such as, for example, Latin, Gaulish, Gothic and other. Prote, wines are also available to collect a large number of modern posers that came from other languages: Italian, Spanish, French, Russian; ale about tse in the robot says there is a distance.

This is how it was formulated to come hypothesis of this reference: regardless of those that most of the vocabulary of the English language is made up of advanced words, without having spent their own traits, but instead of navіt navіt having been enriched with not only new lexical units, but also understandings.

Metoyuє є vvchennya suchasnoї movnoї situatsії at the word stock of the English language at the plan of others later. In addition, they will look at the differences in retrospect on the English language and see the pluses and minuses of the process. So chi іnakshe, all movi sovneni іnshomovnih slіv і virazіv і the given problem is unlikely if you ever waste your actuality through bagata. global history that zmіshuvannya mov.

Object follow-up and development of English vocabulary in the vocabulary system of English language, todyak subject work is self-positioning.

manager, yakі sled razіbrati in danіy naukovo- doslidnitskoy work, were formulated as follows:

clarification of the main dzherel in the implementation of inshomovnyh zapozichen in english mov
designation of their role in modern vocabulary
dosledzhennya reasons for penetration behind the mov
rozrobka clasifikatsii
proof that the English language has not lost its individuality, regardless of the colossal number of indirect words

Analysis of the posterior words can be carried out differently methods: let's describe, using the method of setting, warning of language phenomena and analysis of language vocabulary in the production of mass information. In this work, the development and expansion of the language can be seen behind the scenes, the words from these boules have been introduced to the vocabulary of the English language.

Structurally The scientific work is composed of an entry, two divisions of two divisions in the skin, and a list of victories in the robotic literature.

The originality of the current situation is similar to the process of the current situation.

Foreign positions are more likely to permeate the English language. The slovnikovy warehouse of the movie is constantly changing by the protraction of English history in the course of various influxes and conquests, the development of trade and the influx of cultures of the dry lands. One of the peculiarities of the past, which came to the English language, it is a lot, as it is to be great in parity with other languages. The average person should develop more than fifty hundred words of vocabulary, and the layer of vocabulary, which is left out, should take revenge on oneself calmly English words and words.

Movnі zapozichennya zabezpechayut dosit high level of intercultural communication. The vocabulary of the English language includes a part of the German words, and at the same time: the later Scandinavian and Old English languages, the Latin, Russian, French, Spanish and rich other languages. Naming the basic concepts, and navigating all the numerals, thinking about your journey from the old English movie, for example: life and death, night and day, hot and cold, then. A great number of dyeslivs, imenniki and prikmetniks came from the Old English mov and Scandinavian mov. (e.g. Wife, sit, bring, brother, land, happy, wrong, etc.) Having become familiar with the robots of the rich scientists of the Galusian lexicology, I shriveled to the thought of being quiet, who, having taken into account that the English language cannot be positioned, like the language, formed for help the people. Adzhe, irrespective of the impersonal posture, the grammatical structure of the movie becomes immutable.

The English language, like no other, may be able to put words in the link with it, which Great Britain constantly changed in direct contact with the maritime lands, which led to the expansion of foreign words in the її territory. However, regardless of those that are silent in the language, modal words, conjunctions, adjectives, practically all borrowers and practically all words, as well as names in calm words. Infusing these chi іnshої movi zavzhdi can be connected with historical factors, such as: different conquests, trade, wars and a lot of others. All these reasons lead to varying intensity of stagnation behind the back, fallow in the surroundings, which is in the same period.

In the course of the birth of this phenomenon, there is a greater interest for the successors to understand the cause of the phenomenon, understand them, different types that methodi їх zastosuvannya. In the world, an important place is occupied by a zagal, as from the main ones, the development of a vocabulary warehouse. In this part of the work, we can see the main stages of the development of the vocabulary warehouse, its expansion, as well as the nature of the mutual intercourse between my mother-dzherel and my post-positional language.

About the term "reverse", classification of reciprocity.

In this part of the scientifically advanced work will be explained in such a way that it is “positive” and “moving penetration”. The position is called an invisible element of the movi molding. L.P. Krisin’s commentary refers to “the process of moving different elements from one movie to another”. This procedure is considered important in the social environment, and in the professional one. Behind the scenes, there are great opportunities for people, as if they still hang around like a galuzi, tied with a foreign language. A similar idea is shared by the authors of the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary.

The number behind is great, but it’s still impossible to pinpoint exactly to a single word. The reasons for this constant increase in inshomonic words and inconsistency in the translation into language, as well as the process of assimilation, it is not easy to get the words out of the way. This process is introduced through the active adoption of inshomonic words by my own words, even if I reshape the word for the navigating position of them in the system of language. It should be noted that phonemes are replaced by the phonemes most suitable for auditory adaptation, the grammatical arrangement of the word also changes, because when introduced, enter the morphological system of English. Dali the word is included in the semantic system of the movie, and, then, maybe the mother of the kіlka value in a row, or we’ll spend our first money. In the course of the post-position of the words, the pairs of synonyms were established, so that the word and the word, which is already in the language, are post-positioned. Zіtknennya tsikh pairs of synonyms wriggled for an hour at the so-called struggle with various heritages. In some situations, insults were lost in the language, in others, or the word was left in a calmer position, or in the reverse order. In most cases, the French language was more likely to take root in the English language, like the word beorz(ninі ne vzhivane) - "mountain", was replaced by a French word Montagne. However, the words, which are too close to that, have already gone through the process of assimilation and, therefore, are not accepted as foreign words.

From a glance of etymology, the vocabulary of the language is subdivided into the positions of those quiet words. The more advanced words come to the language with new concepts and ideas, which are called earlier unknown speeches. The process of posting can be done in two ways, we can write and sleep. In times, though the word is backwards in a conventional way, asimilation is richer, more fluently, lower in a sloppy manner. Ale, after all, the words, written in a richer way, better save grammatical, spelling and phonetic features.

In the past, it is realized independently, and with the help of other languages (for example: with the help of Latin, a lot of Greek words were added to the English language).

There are three main ways of transliteration: transcription, calculation and transliteration.

Transcription is called the phonetic method of positioning, tobto. when the word is transferred to another language, another sound form is taken (fr. restaurant).
Calculation is a way of positioning words, which requires the replacement of warehouse parts (morphemes) with their equivalents in a moving language (for example, Miniskirt “miniskirt”, suicide “self-abuse”). In the process of calculation, parts of a backward word will go together for a similar foreign word.
At the time of transliteration, the written word is positioned, the letters in the word that are positioned are replaced by the letters of the foreign language, and the same word begins to be read according to the rules of the positional movement (for example: hotel, zebra, sport).

You can create visnovoks, which are rich in inshomonic words to recognize some changes in the process behind the position, adhering to the grammatical, phonetic and semantic powers of the language.

According to V. Yu. , in the same chi іnshiy z two or more mov act as the side “what give” in protilezhnі іnshiy, scho “take”, otherwise in what offend mov “forget” one of one ... ". At zv'yazku z, so we call "better" mov, the classification was formed laterally, the main dzherel yakoy є, zvichayno, mova, zakoї th nadіyshlo zapozichene word. In this process, more languages have their own place, and the main role is played by the Spanish and the French language, although the current process is behind it. In ancient times, Latin and Greek language played a role. Movies can also act as intermediaries, which convey the presence of intermediate stages between me, which is the main dzherel of positioning that mine, which is posited. These elements are subdivided into groups: verbal elements, direct positional, mediated positional, permanent word formation and also semantic positional.

Word elements hang on uvazі chastkove zapozitshennya morphemes. In vipadia, as the morpheme often gets used, the morphological structure becomes more sensible and the morpheme enters before the word-forming elements of the position of the language. Most often, morphemes get used to French and Latin, for example: fr. -ment (arrangement, management), -ance (fragrance, ignorance), -age (courage, heritage); lat. -tion (relation, derivation); -able (regrettable; unforgettable) and so on;
Straight to the side can be called one of the simplest ways of stosuvannya words, because in this way, the words are included before the mov without mov-intermediaries, through the letters and the sleep of the mov;
Intermediate positioning viroblyayutsya through dodatkovu (third) mov. As a rule, intermediate positions were articulated between more distant language, like, for example, Spanish and Arabic.
Invariable word formation it is important to copy z movi from looking at the calculation, taking their own morphological structure from their own (for example: fr. tete-a-tete "one on one"). In the midst of such caliks, one can often hear words from the hours of the Radyansk Union house of rest, palace of culture
Semantic positioning. The position of new meanings is often carried over into the language and fixed behind the already obvious understanding of the language. Particularly shvidko semantic attitudes get used to native language. For example, you can bring the word "gift", which meant "wykup" in the old English. Later, under the influx of Scandinavian language, where the word “gift” had little meaning, sank into the spokonvichne meaning and took root in English.

The reasons for the penetration of foreign languages behind the English mine.

The formation of reasons behind the back of other words praised the minds of rich linguists. However, there were no clear boundaries that indicate the main reasons. This topic has been repeatedly debunked in one of L. P. Krisin's works. For yoga words, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the main causal factor was the need for naming. It has also been redeemed for impersonal other reasons - psychological, social, modern, the need for the establishment of new modern forms, the sturdiness of their stagnation. This phenomenon may be blamed for impersonal reasons, the stench is different, but, after all, however, all mov. Among them, two main groups are seen: extralinguistic and internal linguistic.

Extralinguistic reasons behind the development of such aspects:

The development of international contacts, which will help to win the recognition of internationalism. Internationalisms are words that can be similar to the semantic structure of the sound structure and the same meaning (for example: pilot, congress). Zdebіlshoy, the translation of internationalisms is not more twisted, it takes an hour to win the role, about, "additional" words, as if it were easier to understand the text. The stench can mean like a scientific and political understanding, as well as an understanding that one can be important in any professional fools.
Socio-psychological: a different meaning of the word, for an additional one, that does not have a strong sense, with the method of creating an “effect of prestige” (for example: French Boutique “a small store of expensive, unique speeches, sales near a prestigious area”, in modern English synonymous with the word “boutique” is the word “shop”).

Intralinguistic causes include offensive aspects:

Necessity of naming a new phenomenon or an object through the presence of such a thing in a moving language. This reason is the most important, because at once, with new understanding, the language is introduced to the word that it is called (gondola, ballet).
This aspect is similar to the re-listing of the other, the difference lies in the fact that the need for naming is given an inaccurate name that is already obvious in the movement and culture of the phenomenon. The sense of this aspect lies in the fact that when using two words (smooth and backward) the English variant is more important, the lower one is the word, which may be different from the given subject or the appearance, which is easier to understand.

Later, in this part of the scientific work, they explained the main reasons for the penetration of foreign foreign languages into the English language;

Traditionally seen criteria for mastering the inshomonic word.

When requesting a language from abroad, sound, go through the process of assimilation. This process is called mastering or mastering backward words from the phonetic, semantic and grammatical spheres of the language system. The stages of assimilation (assimilation) can be different, the reason for this is the difference in the development of words, as well as the hour of their promotion. Stylistically and grammatically, the words follow the rules of the English movie. Basically, the words and nouns that came from the other words take the standard suffixes and endings (“-ed”, “-s”).

Іnuє kіlka aspects in the asimilation of lexical units: phonetic, graphic, morphological and semantic.

Phonetic assimilation conveys a variant vimovu word, tobto. in the case of the introduction, the word can be lost without change, or else go through the process of assimilation and the sounds of the reversed word imitate vim's English words.

The graphic assimilation of the historical spelling of the word, but at the same time, the suffix of the words of the language with the other written alphabet, the main essence of the graphic assimilation of the post-positional word in the orthographic rules of the mov, sho zapozichu.

Morphological asimilation is the main factor in changing the structure of a word. Traditionally, morphologically, it is more folded into position when being introduced into the language, the process of abbreviation is accepted, and, therefore, it begins to be accepted as just a non-negligible word.

I, nareshti, semantic assimilation, as one of the most complex aspects. On the right, in the fact that in the process of postposition in the English language there is only one meaning of the postpositional word, which is the basis of the semantic process of assimilation. The whole development of the new modern unity is already collapsing in a different direction, following all the rules of the movie.

Such a difficult phenomenon, as a result of the appearance of serious changes in the system of language, the results are blamed on the new parts of the words and the words themselves, as it is important not to promote the language, but to endow it with special, previously unknown concepts and manifestations. Often there are hybrid words, like a combination of two words from different languages in one. Also, exoticism, barbarism and ethno-stereotypes, guessing in the offensive pіdrozdіl.

Positioning in English language (Celtic, Latin, French, Greek, Italian, Spanish, German, Russian).

In the English language, there is a high level of difference (more than 70%), most of them are placed behind the French and Latin languages, which gives us the right to include English to the group of Romano-German languages.

Having respected the Danish thinker Otto Jespersen, “the English language is a whole lot more distant”, which as a result led to numerical conquests. Since the skin conquests of the English language of Dedali are more rich in other words, the conquest is one of the main reasons behind the appearance. In this manner, the English language, shaped by the stretch of centuries, has become such as we know it now.

The first conquerors were the Romans before ours (I-VII centuries BC. In connection with this, the ancient tribes that inhabited the pubic part of Europe, traded with the Roman Empire, in the English language there was a chimala kіlkіst In addition, a lot of scientific tales, zapozichennyh іz lіteratury, rіznih robіt that writing. The importance of the included in British, Scho Spring the introduction of Latin Alphavit, Vіdkrittya Monastirskikh Shkіl Tu Soviet Sustemnosti in Latinitsky. Bagato Slіv, Shahched to Angle Latinsky, for the Latinskiy Torch є with prohibitions. We mainly biven Bouv Walway Movi, tan, in English Movі part of the words from the Greek language. an hour of English language spoke to her of impersonal scientific words, which was unusual at that moment. At the same hour, a lot of words from the French movie were written, as it also gave great importance to the development of the English movie during the period.

The words that came from French are, as a rule, spread beyond different spheres. Basically, this includes the sphere of state administration, science (medicine), the army and the army. Crazy, of course, in the English language there are a lot of words from the sphere, and the words that mean the deep understanding. Having poured in a French movie into English, it appeared to be forced, which provoked the expiation of such words of a movie. In the field of vitiated words, lexical units from the French language have become.

As a whole, it is a fact that the postpositional words most often recognize different types of transformation (phonetic, semantic, morphological). The French language did not become a vinnyatka, but at the link with zim deyaki the words that made a voice in the first warehouse, changed their voice to the next warehouse (often to the last one). In addition, the penetration of French words called out a singing dissonance. Rіch y tіm, scho difference among deaky words was less stylistic, at the link with which there were more synonyms (“to understand”, “to comprehend” - to understand).

Scandinavian attitudes may be deeply rooted starting from the 9th century, for which reason the language became richer and became more bright, vivacious and rich. English was enriched with various geographic names and names. The reason for this was the Scandinavian conquests that took place in the 9th-10th centuries. To finish a lot of words from the Scandinavian language was observed, especially, in the field of agriculture, domestic pobutu and trade. In addition, the reason for the appearance of these data later can be introduced similar elements between Old English and Scandinavian languages.

The Russian language has also not been left behind during the period of the formation of the English language. Regular trade and economic contacts have absorbed the Russian vocabulary into the English vocabulary. The first posterior, which came from the Russian, appeared at the 16th century. The main layer behind the back includes geographic names, the names of the settlements, objects and household items. In the 19th century, words of a political nature began to appear in the vocabulary of the English language, which are filled with a part of the number of rich language. In addition, during the period of the Radyansky Union, the vocabulary of the English word stock was replenished with the so-called sovietisms, which without a doubt became fixed in the lexicon of the language of the connection with the rich history of the Radyansky State.

Іnshomovnі postozichennya in english texts.

Inshomonic words can often act in the role of conveying "foreign" culture, otherwise they are called words-exoticisms. This group includes in their own words that depict the culture of the state, power. The role of such words is more important in the sphere of ZMI, in connection with it, which in the language of the language simply has those words that are more understandable, the manifestation of which is named. Similar words reflect the mentality of the country, traditions, sounds, so that the stench somehow conveys to us a piece of a foreign culture. Before slіv-exoticism, one can add the following subgroups:

- name the drink and the strain;

- name the place of residence;

- traditional clothes (Arabic Hijab);

- name musical instruments;

- zvichaїv that tradition;

Also, in English texts, euphemisms are used, which is one of the ways to select other words. Euphemism is the name of a kind of allegory, vicorists at the time of the author's bazhannya to make those more understandable not without middle ground, but veiled. For example, you can bring the following situation:

Vaughn is vaginal. -She’ s pregnant. = She’ s expecting a baby.

Most often, euphemisms are victorious in quiet situations, if the information is conveyed without intermediary, it may sound incorrect, or put other people in an unhandled situation.

The advancing type of insomnia words may be on the basis of ethno-stereotypes. In a different way, this term is understood as a statement about ethnicity, about culture to the people, understanding the ethno-stereotype associated with persistent stereotypes and associations. These include such aspects as the special identity of people of different peoples, the sphere of life, psychological peculiarities and characteristics that are characteristic of people of that other people.

To take French leave - Russian. Drink English

Rome wasn't built in a day

It is also one of the most wide-ranging types of positions, which are victorious among the sources of mass information, є barbarism. Words are called barbarisms; Otherwise, seemingly, similar words are accepted, otherwise, like foreign ones, like a violation of lexical language norms. About barbarism, it is impossible to say with certainty that they are included in the vocabulary of English language. The stench is inconstant, ephemeral, and can appear without a trace, as if it were appearing.

In the main, barbarism is victorious when describing the life of that culture of that people, from which given words came. The main sign of barbarism is those who stink like strangers. In science promotions, such words get used to rarely, although the journalistic style of similar words can be quite old.

Visnovok

In this manner, it is possible to make visnovoks, which are as a process to be finished with a different process, the process is an invisible part of the formation of an English movie. In addition, in this previous work, the ways of positioning backwards were considered, their classification and analyzed in relation to different languages. The reasons for blaming foreign words in the vocabulary of the English language were also explained, and their meaning was assigned to the press suspіlnogo life. Causes of zastosuvannya lie behind the surface like at the surface, and in the middle of the moving system. The need for this process is to be influenced by historical factors for the development of international contacts. All spheres of the English language have been zapozichennya: populace, science, politics, sports and economics.

I would like to point out the fact that, having poured in some English language, there is still not enough of it. However, given the topic to do it quickly, it develops and improves in the field of linguistics. At the present time, we have learned all the main points of the development of the theory of English language and we can confidently say that it is one of the most important stages in this trivial process. The current vocabulary of the English vocabulary changed and became more rich with the help of riches and zavdyaks, becoming more rich and viraznim, without spending their true qualities with it. If you are familiar with the practices of learned linguists on this topic, you can wait a moment with a quiet thought, who does not respect the English my international adventure. On the right, in the fact that, regardless of the greatness of the number of lexical substitutions, the grammatical structure has lost its immutable.

bibliographic list

Akulenko V. V. “Science and technology revolution and the problem of international terminology – In the book: “Science and technology revolution and the functioning of the world”. M., "Nauka", 1977, p. 73-84
Aleksenko S. I. “Development of the semantic structure of similar words, which vinicles on the basis of the past” - in the book: “Word creation of that yoga space in the course of teaching foreign language”. Vip. 2, Vladivostok, 1975, p. 44-47
Antrushina G.B., Afanas'eva O.V., Morozova N.M. "Lexicology of English Movies", Vishcha osvita, Bustard, 1999
Boroviy L. "Way of the Word", M., 1957, p.193-194
Bragina A. A. “Own” and “Alien”. About backward vocabulary and the role of synonymy ”// Russian language. M., 1976, no. 6, p. 50-55
Breiter M.O. "Glad. Encyclopedia”, 1969 3. Anglicism in Russian language: history and perspectives: A guide for foreign Russian students.
Otto Jespersen "Development and Structure of the English Movie", 1922
Vuytovich M. "About the phonetic variants of the words, replacing Russian with English". In.: Studia rossica posnaniensia (6 - 1974). Poznan, 1975, p. 129-134
Galperin I.R., Cherkaska O.B. "English Lexicology", M. - 1956
Єfremov L.P. "Exoticism" / / Russian Education. Vip. 2, Alma-Ata, 1973
Zabotkina V.I. "New vocabulary of modern English language", M., Vishcha school, 1989
Illich B.A., "History of English language", Ed. 4th, Type of literature on in. movami, M., 1958
Katlinska L.P. “About the actual vocabulary”// Russian language. M., 1993, no. 2, p. 62
Kimyagarova R. S. "Types and types of adaptation of backward vocabulary in the Russian language of the new hour (18-20 centuries)" / / Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 9, Philology. 1989, no. 2, p. 56-64
Kostomarov St. R. "Movny relish of the era", M., "Pedagogy Press", 1994
Krisin L.P. “About the causes of lexical positioning”// Russian language at school. M., 1965, p. 11-15
Linguistic-encyclopedic dictionary / Gol. ed. V.M. Yartseva, M., 1990
Maslov Yu. Z. Introduction to philology, 1987.
Muller W.K. "Great English-Russian dictionary”, 23rd edition, M., 1991
Okunova A.P., Zakharova L.D. “New words of a new system of entry?”// Russian language in the SND. M., 1992, no. 1-3, p. 17-19
Pavlov B. N. "Exoticism in poetic language" - in the book: "Move Meaning". L., 1976, S. 73-80
Rozentsveig V. Yu. Movni contacts. Science, 1972
Shcherba L. V. “Mova and Shlyakh yoga development” / / Zb. Art.: “Selected robots from Russian language”, M., 1957, p. 158
Mova "The Great Encyclopedic Dictionary" (V.N. Yartseva) // Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998, 684 s.

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In all hours and practically in all lands, it is put in two ways to the position: otherwise, the position is good, it’s not scary for the Russian, zokrema mov, zbagachiu yoga; otherwise, the position is a threat to the foundation of national movement, to lead to self-sufficiency. A similar divergence of thoughts is to be feared in our country. More than that, look, you know that in such flows there are words like 'anophilia' and zahіdnitstvo.

It is obvious that the position of words among other words is a natural, necessary and really significant process, a kind of deliberation by international connections. This is the result of my own contacts, in return for the peoples of that power.

However, the food about the spivvіdnoshennia of “one's own” and “them”, about the victoriousness behind the Russian language, called out hot discussions, baked super-cookies.

Formerly, having written to M.V. Lermontov: “Take care of the power of the Vlas language, for those that are loved by the style of Latin, French and German, laughter is good in Russian”.

In the 18th century itself, that superchka about posture was born. Approximately a hundred years later, as in the first half of the 19th century, the philosophy of thought turned into an independent science, the problem of foreign languages in Russian promotion became even more acute. Moreover, their thoughts were expressed not only by the clergy, but also by critics and writers.

O.M. Tolstoy wrote: “The introduction of hundreds of foreign words grows in language. And the artist's instinct is to blame for the dermal mood, which is responsible for the influx of foreign words, their necessity. It’s better to say an elevator, a lower self-helper, a telephone, a lower distant Rozmov, a proletariat, a lower hunger striker, but there, if you can know the root Russian word, you need to know it.

The same thought is expressed by V.G. Belinsky: “The word of a wet step could have been better understood, as if it were absolutely stupid for us with the word galoshes; but do not forcibly squash the people of the city, replace the galoshes, say wet feet, as if you don’t want wine! ". Vin, having said more kindly: “The purists are afraid of the uncommon veil of foreign words: the fight is greater than the unsupported. The indispensable word is in no way included in the language, but don’t try to introduce yoga into the vzhitok.

Negatively set to the back of V.I. Dal, the creator of the famous Russian vocabulary. Vіn proponuvav replacing foreign words with Russian synonyms: scarf - nostrils, gymnastics - spritnіst, confectioner - sweetie.

At the same time, those who uttered the Far away seem ridiculous, to those who brought the words to the Russian language, they did not see foreignness. The great Russian critic V.G. Belinsky, a kind of stverdzhuv, which is not terrible for a Russian movie.

Olexandr Solzhenitsyn negatively placed to the back. In the novel "At the First Time" one of the heroes propagates a negative attitude to foreign words, replacing them with Russian denunciations. If you want to get out, you can’t do without help.

Computerization and "internetization" of the Suspіlstva led to the fact that the impersonal English words broke through the global barrier in a dream. The very same thing caused the anxieties of the Russians: the use of English in the Internet-speech today has become not just a fashionable hoarding. All the more often the wearers of the “great” and the “mighty” simply cannot express their thoughts otherwise, lower for the help of other words. It is obvious that that Russian language, which is being discussed on the forums and in social networks, would be unreasonable to a rural citizen like a professor of an honorable age. But those that are found out from behind the words on the Internet, even guessing the system for entering foreign words, are described above.

To finish marveling at the living of two foreign words: “flood”, as it means stupidly informed, the text of which does not carry a semantic focus, and “ban” - blocking the koristuvach on the forum, which fends off the yoma nadsilat and informing.

“Wearing Russian language is not just vicoristing these words, they are transforming them, after which they are so newly created, like “flooding” - write stupidity of remembrance or “flooding” , ban - tobto zaboronit be-to whom nadsilati povіdomlennya. Tlumachny vocabulary of modern Russian. Movnі zmіni kіntsa XX century. Astrel. 2005 Z 200.

These words, which are based on the slang of the Internet-koristuvachiv, are a clear illustration of the ability of a modern system to accept, acquire and process new information. Mova control your system and your purity, but the people themselves give a significant contribution to the development of MOV.

“The position is in the skin language. I have more, I have less, but I can’t see anything with them, don’t bother. Adzhe foreign words, sound, international, international, mean the terms and objects of common, foreign in a given people, in a given culture and language with other cultures and peoples. And now for one reason alone, so as not to get lost in a closed self and that rupture in the common paths of people, not a trace of their uniqueness, that, perhaps, is impossible. For red. A. Bil. Russian language - theory and practice. Chief help. Minsk. "POPURRIO" 2000 Z 39-40.

You can replace kimono, ikebana, mistral, corsets, bowls with the words of calmness, and who would fall for a thought?

Nareshti, the language of science, art, politics, law, music, and sports is inconceivable without them.

And how to get along without a coat, a scarf, a diplomat (briefcase), a cape, a parasol, cars, trams, metro, trolleybuses, coffee, tea, cigarettes, cigarettes, a purse - we need foreigners, a lot of them went and got bogged down with objects at once , vіyut archaic, zustrichayuchis in literature - letters, puffs, liveries, jackets, stacks, boots, muffs, corsets, but richly who has appeared recently? And it’s so fast: one comes, the other goes, some of them are long overdue and called, they call to the new, they respect their relatives, as if it’s less than a guest, that they sat, pobuv and pishov to themselves. Chi varto їх without parsing vyganyat, replacing their own, home-grown that is not accepted by mine?

Prote, in the rest of the hour, the great pavement was falling late, that you are afraid of all serious thoughts about the future of Russia. The language of the Russian people is filled with English and American viraz not the best. Whilst of inshomonic zapozichen, which threw into our language the veils of the lowest historical podias and technological vіdkrittiv, made it impossible for the introduction of the roman vocabulary without the vowel of the zapozichen. Moreover, the process of globalization and development high technologies To rob the process of penetration is practically inexact.

Such a situation zmushu seriously feed on the development of the Russian movie. Until late, it is necessary to put it with great frequent care, the shards of the hour are guarded by a tendency to increase the number of foreign vocabulary of our language.

Sounding value when delayed

If the word was richly meaningful in the outer language, then when it sounds backwards, take only one of its meanings, so that the sounding of the meaning of the word is heard, for example:

English killer"driven in vzagali" → rus. keeler"hiring driving"
English safe"Safe, safe, safe" → rus. safe
English printer«drukar, visualization, printer» → rus. a printer
English speaker“rozmovlyaє, speak, announcer, lecturer, speaker, guchnomovets” → rus. speaker
Russian companion→ English Sputnik"radiansk spacecraft"
Russian Perebudova→ English Perestroika"Gorbachov's reforms in the SRSR"

Those same stosuєtsya and calkiv:

fr. impression"stamping, druk, vіdbitok, vrazhennya" → rus. anger

Role behind

Chi does not give a summation that the position was seen in wide sizes and in the prehistoric era. It is quite possible that such words, as if they were taken for foreign Europeans, were taken in the PII from other languages. As weak as the cultural development of the undifferentiated Indo-Europeans, all the same, the stench is due to the mothers of the trade and other peoples, and, no doubt, it could have been positive. Science is still not in a position to identify similarities to recent positions, if only a little, imovirno, it will be called out for the distant work of archaeologists and thinkers.

The most important criteria for choosing the position of the word is its phonetic warehouse. The super-accuracy of the sounds of the word is according to the phonetic laws, given the familiarity of the language, to hear the sound of someone else's words. So, for example, the Russian word “brada”, which was used earlier by the high language, entrusted with the main word “beard”, is positioned from the Old Slavonic language (through the Church-Slovak language language), more ra(deputy of the judged ore, explicit in the natural Russian word beard) supersede the sound law of the so-called full-voicedness (the same hail - Misto, warthian - watchman and etc.).

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Synonyms:

Wonder what is "Zapozichennya" in other dictionaries:

Pozozchennya, zapozichennya, povn. (book). Dia goal. pose. Reverse slіv. Zaposichennya those. || Those who are delayed. Russian language is richly backwards from French. Tlumachny dictionary of Ushakov. D.M. Ushakiv. 1935 1940 ... Tlumachny dictionary of Ushakov

Div... Glossary of synonyms

Positioning- div. Sovereign position (position); Municipal position (position) ... Encyclopedia of Law

The transition of elements in one move to another as a result of the mutual modality of the same elements, transferred from one move to another. We can fall asleep (to create a wild phonetic look of the word) or we can write, bookish (if ... Great Encyclopedic Dictionary

zaluchennya penny koshtіv in the song term as a loan. Glossary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

Pozozchennya, I, povn. 1. div. post. 2. Behind the appearance, word, viraz. Іnshomovnі zapozichennya (zapozichenі words). Tlumachny dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Tlumachny dictionary of Ozhegov

It's not a secret for anyone that far from all the words that make the vocabulary of a native language, are still Russian. Navіt behind vimova that / or the writing of these words can be easily guessed, that the country of their trip is Britain, France, Nіmechchina, for example. What are the reasons behind it, for which the stinks are needed and how much they trap behind the current Russian language?

What is so posited

And if you want something similar, maybe, look at something unreasonably (whether you are guilty of reason, about what language is being talked about), you can’t start a rozmov about positivity without defining the very term itself. Otzhe, zapozhennyam linguisti call, in a first way, be it a third-party word that appeared in my dear from someone else's, to instill in that vipadku, as if behind their morphemes (parts of a word) the sounds are not in the Russian words. In a different way, the process of accepting this foreign element by me, the sound of something new, step by step, living it with my feet, is understandable. Zaposichennya є nevid'emnoy part of the process of development and change of language. Foreign words in Russian become more than ten hundred times more than ten hundred times in the same way as the vocabulary of the new language (protse even rich).

New needs

Why can't language develop independently, without calling? What is the role behind? Why are the stinks so necessary - but not the words, the stench is really needed.

Let us first of all understand the fact that the process is a little more intimidating, whether it is a move, it’s more normal and inevitably a presence. They play a really important role for the movie, as they choose new words. First of all, in such a rank zbagachuetsya, zbіshuєtsya yogic stock of words. In a different way, the language is a direct and uninterrupted reflection of the mutual relations between different nationalities and nationalities. Thirdly, they most often play the role of “transferring” new word-forming morphemes, new words are the beginning of such a year (until we turn to the presentation of a little bit of life).

It is necessary to take a closer look at that moment, if in a common language a word is used to express that other person. Such a situation is considered the main reason for their appearance and the most popular. Zapozitshennya then post as a “ryativnik” of a move-priymach. A close (albeit not the same) reason for the appearance in my new words and my own movi-dzherel є vyniknennya new subjects, yakі vimagayut these chi іnshої nomіnatsії. In addition, in some ways, the words-positives in modern Russian language are like a kind of Danina fashion. Another reason lies in the fact that often in Russian, for the purpose of knowing whether someone understands, they have the whole expression, even though foreigners are shortened with just one word. Qiu reason can be briefly described as "zruchnіst".

It is necessary to fill in the clearings at the foreign borders of the mov and to create them before the appearance of foreign backstory words. Before the speech, such (inland) the word is the most frequent, the thought is richer, it sounds better, it is more solid, pathos, more prestigious - and tse tezh give a reason to take your own. The reasons behind the present Russian mass are other food, why the stink of the flooring is necessary and live in essence. Before this food, we will turn around a little bit a year.

The stars are taken

It’s rich who’s pardoning, that only the English language is giving us its words and speeches. However, it is fundamentally wrong, regardless of the fact that our English language (anglicisms) is behind the times.

By stretching out their own rich history, the Russian people in the newest economic, cultural, political and other mutually different peoples. It would be impossible not to be familiar with the vocabulary - the most sympathetic and crumbling plastic, like a sponge having absorbed in itself the impersonal elements of other cultures.

Russian language has English, French, German, Latin, Greek, Turkic, Scandinavian, Slavic language words. For example, “zoshit” came from Greek, “waltz” - from French, “tomato” - from Italian language. When you see it, it’s far from ever-present that you can easily understand the “country of the journey” of that chi and other word chi vyslovlyuvannya. The etymology of rich documents from them is a mystery for linguists and philologists.

Ways behind

What are the ways to look at the positions of the words of modern Russian? There are only two such options: tse sleep that letter movement. The first method often greatly changes the look of the word (for example, potatoes, which came to us from the Italian language, in the original look like tartufolo), the other, on the other hand, fills the lexemes with practically insipid ones. In addition, the word can go from mov to mov without intermediary, or through the so-called mov-intermediary.

Classification

It is possible to subdivide into a sprat of a group in a different way. The first classification is admissible - for the dzherel, that is the move, for which the word came. For skin mov є svіy termіn. So, the English language in modern Russian language is usually called Anglicisms, Czech - Bohemianisms (the historical name of the region is Bohemia), French - Galicisms (Gallia). The words that came from the Ugrian region are called Mad'yarisms and Ungarisms, that is, if it's a similar language, Orientalisms, then.

The second way to classify is to contact, it was more clear: either without a middle, or with the help of an intermediary, or we will sleep, or by a letter path (through books). Before the rest of the method, before the speech, the militants often went into it, knowing and reviving archaisms in their masterpieces (old words that are not victorious) - for example, Richard Wagner or Oleksiy Tolstoy.

The third category - the method of posting: new language you can go over the whole word as a whole, or as a part of it (and those, and else be lexical subpositions), moreover, even basic word you can winknut new meaning (semantically repositioned).

Nareshti, all the things that are related to modern Russian language can be classified as necessary and not necessary, in other words, true and false. Before the first category, there are those words that had no analogues in the movie before they appeared, and their vindication was necessary to describe that other manifestation of this / or object. There are no such words, for example, a telephone, a mixer, a snowboard, chocolate, a bowling all too often. These lexemes filled the lacunae in our language, so the appearance of the truth is true.

Zovsіm on the right - inshomovnі words, yakі z'yavlyayutsya in Russian language as a synonym for already known to understand: "information" - "message", "goalkeeper" - "goalkeeper" just. As a rule, such equivalences є anglіtsizmy and pov'yazanі z general fashion for everything English and American, pov'yazanoї z "rivan" in the country. Tim, for an hour, the presence of mov words, which duplicate one of the other, is allowed to use one of the synonyms of the mov. Like the word has been known - its own is posited, it is impossible to transfer.

Late period

Below, more reports will be given about the words that came from English, German and French. Well, for now, sho varto give charitable characteristic behind modern Russian language.

This process began in antiquity - it is possible to recall the prehistoric period. There are still a lot of other readings and cicavi as philologists and linguists, as well as historians. If you talk about other periods later, then the first one, without a doubt, goes back to the old Russian language - then the words of three words "yansky" (for example, name the months) and non-word "yansky" (as a rule, Baltic and Scandinavian) language (village, settled settlement) penetrated into the new one , yakіr ta richo hto) інші).

Okremo next to guess about the infusion of the Greek language (rich in why through the tight links with Byzantium, as well as the beginnings of the establishment of Christianity in Russia) - giving the Russian “brother” the nameless scientific terms (such, for example, like mathematics, history), to understand (anathema, icon chi bishop) just.

The seventeenth century was marked by the backwardness of the Latin - so the stench innocently declared ours. Deyakі z lexemes, scho todі vinikli, іsnuyut і until this day (for example, likar). Also, for Peter, an active penetration into Russia of European culture began, which was directly reflected in the language. It is impersonal to understand the military, scientific, cultural terminology and richness of others in the Russian language itself from the quiet fir themselves: ammunition, cruiser, captain, general, fare is too thin. Do not forget about sea terminology, even though Petro actively developed seafaring. Zavdyaki yogo calls from Holland, Russian language was enriched with such words as a sailor, navigator, drift and others. Peter's reforms and innovations gave way to various German-, French- and English-speaking positions in modern Russian, and tse z urahuvannyam, so that the emperor did not get used to his promotion of foreign languages.

In the eighteenth century, the French language became practically courtly, wide-spread in Russia. This is why the majestic number of words from Dumas's movement penetrated into the Russian language. In the main there were words that describe pobut, clothes, zhu: marmalade, vest, couch and so on. In the same period, the Russian lexicon had words from Italy and Spain, meanwhile, for their number, the stinks were signifi- cantly sacrificed to the French positions: aria, piano, short story, guitar, tenor - all similar words came to us from Russian warm lands.

Similar lexical transformations were also tried in the nineteenth century, until Anglicism came to replace them - the twenty and twenty first centuries are themselves characterized by such positions. The flow of English words in our language is the activation of various connections with foreign representatives, and the shards of the international language, which is conducted in all fairness, is the English itself, similar to the foreign representatives, is not surprising. All these words can be considered as new positions in modern Russian language. Most of them were already assimilated.

How to recognize the position

We knew more, that there are rich words, that they came to the Russian language from others, even the floorings “got used” to the new one, that they had worn signs of their journey. To that, understand for an hour that in front of you the word-foreigner is not easy to understand. Prote all the same іsnuyut ways to solve this problem. Otzhe, zapozchennya in modern Russian can be recognized as follows:

How the word originates from the letter “a” (Crimea of the spokonvichno Russian vigukiv - ah, aha, ay): profile, aster, lampshade.
On іnshomovnі words vkazuє i nayavnіst litera "f" in slovі (whether there be any mischi) - so for a vinnyatka Russian vigukuіv type fu: cafe, decanter, fact, shafa, lyuty.
Stick of two and more voices dokorinno: duel, sings, theater, guard, diet.
The presence of the letter "e": moon, lane, gray, scarlet, on top (crim of Russian vigukiv and borrowers ex, e and others).
Day kyu, pyu, mu and inshi: debut, puree, cuvette, muesli, banknote.
The subvoena is echoing before the roots of the words: Saturday, abat, alley.
Poednannya ke, ge, he dokorinno words: rocket, coat of arms, scheme.
Invisible words: metro, coat, cava, cafe, cinema.
Turkic words can be recognized after the end - face abo - cha: bashlik, alicha; Greeks - after completion -os: space, epos, chaos. The example of Latin zaposichen - ending - mustache, -mind, -tsiya toshko: plenum, radius, tertsiya toshcho. German rozp_znayutsya for poddnannyami -sht - i -shp - on the top of the word, as well as at the end -meister: stamp, punks, accompanist. The English have the power to live in the words poednan -tch-i -j-, as well as ending -ing, -men abo -er: meeting, timer, businessman, match, manager.

Kalki

Before the so-called dictionary of modern zaposichen, Russian language includes tracing papers. This French term means a word or a whole phrase, like it was created for a foreign mind, ale with the victorious peace of Russian elements. As a rule, such words are blamed after the translation of other lexemes by parts. Podіbni butts of today's zapozichen in Russian can serve, for example, the English language looks like - vin - a morphemic translation of the German language aussehen. Such words sound very important, and I will translate them like a new creation.

They also use the name pivkalki - words that are half created from Russian elements, and half from foreign ones. Before such lexemes, one can add the word humanity, the suffix of which is Russian, and the root comes from German.

English translation in current Russian language

The first mutually between Britain and Russia began at the sixteenth century - trade began in earnest, then - political and diplomatic ties. In the same period, they appeared in the Russian promos and the first "news" in the English - such words, like Lord Chi Mister. A great number of English posteriors in modern Russian language came to the new era in the era of Peter the Great - mainly, obviously, the terms were from the maritime industry, trade from the Viysk region.

Anglicisms continued to wink in the Russian language with a stretch of the old history, but it became possible to speak about a new round later, after the strengthening of the success of the Successful States of America. Active interaction with Britain and America in the 20th and 201st centuries brought to the nameable number of English words that appeared in our promo. Tim is more familiar with the fashion in English language: call the names of the rich posads and professions in the Russian at the same time sound like a non-Russian one - for example, they call the tidy-up not otherwise like a “manager of cleaning”.

German translations in Russian language

The largest early reference to the German recorded in the Russian language of the thirteenth century. These are the words, like a master, a face, a duke, a penny, a pound and others, and stench is used, as a rule, in various letters and chronicles. A large number of German Russian terminology added to the Russian language in the seventeenth century (for example, soldiers), and in the era of Peter, there appeared such names for the Russian language, yak chisel, drill, verstat, vaksa

About those who have a lot of lexemes of our language are truly and calmly German, the majority of the population will not guess. And in the meantime, the following words are glorified by the Germans, like, for example, fraier, iceberg, car, cravat, torch, date, grind, tomato, painter, paramedic, post-shelter, slyusar, yeger, mouthpiece, button, apron, washer, canister, sleeve , howitzer, barrier, arsenal, landscape, aiguillette, flute, French horn, fireworks and many others.

French

The French women, who were based in modern Russian language, first appeared at the new hour of Peter the Great - without regard for those who were founded earlier. Petro, who chimed in with the achievements of the French in science and technology, shrugging off the appearance of Galicism in the Russian language. A little bit of French words, which the inhabitants of Russia became juggling, were placed exclusively up to the Russian terminology of that science, but later on the range of their living expanded - right up to the butt level.

It remained after the fact that the French language became the court of the Russian tsars - in the era of the reign of Catherine the Other. І up to now in the Russian language there are impersonal lexemes that came from French: shop, parliament, regime, advance payment, compartment, luggage, trench, dugout, kiosk, credit, patrol, bank, taxi, lawn, premiere, gallery, city hall and many others.

Foreign positions among Russians are a topic that will become a foreign interest for fahivtsiv, and just wear a movie. Adzhe so tsіkavo nobility, the stars appeared tі chi іnshi words of our mov.