What are the types of economy? Basic economic systems. Planned economic system
To better understand how it has developed today As people have learned to learn how to find out about the basic food, it is necessary to analyze the thousand-year history of the development of economic systems of civilization.
Fallow in the way of solving the main economic problems and the type of moisture on economic resources, you can see chotiri main types of economic systems: 1) traditional; 2) rinkova (capitalism);3) command (socialism); 4) zmishana.
Of these, the most recent is the traditional economic system.
Traditional economic system - a way of organizing an economic life, for which land and capital are owned by the ignorant volodnіnі tribe, and obmezhenі resources rozpodіlyayutsya gradually up to trivial traditions.
If there was power on economical resources, then in the traditional system it was most often collective, so that thoughtfully, rilli and bows were laid down by the tribe and the community.
Over the years, the main elements of the traditional economic system have ceased to dominate the people. Life has shown that vicarious factors are more effective, as if the stench is being handled by the power of eight people or families, and not by collective power. In one of the richest lands of the world, the basis of the life of society is not collective power. Ale, in the richest lands of the world, the surplus of such power was saved.
For example,the turbulent development of the Russian statehood of Russia happened at least the beginning of the 20th century, when the reforms of P.A. Then the communes, who came to power in 1917, actually re-established the communal land-ownership, voted the land "for the sovereignty of the people."
Having inspired their own state power on collective power, the SRSR did not manage to improve 70 years of the 20th century. achieve food sufficiency. Moreover, on the cob of the 1980s, the camp with food became filthy, because the CPRS was embarrassed to adopt a special “Food Program”, because, meanwhile, it was also not vikonan, wanting a penny for the development of the agricultural sector, it was great.
Navpaki, the agricultural state of the European lands, the USA and Canada, founded on private power over the land and capital, the task of creating food sufficiency is far away. And it was successful that the farmers of these lands were able to export part of their products to other regions of the world.
Practice has shown that markets and firms are more likely to oppose the task of increasing the supply of foreign resources and increasing the volume of life benefits, lower for the sake of the elders - organizations, as they have taken important economic decisions from the traditional system.
Because of this, the traditional economic system has ceased to be the basis for organizing the life of the people of the greater krai world. Її elementi went to the background and were saved with no more tricks in the form of different sounds and traditions, which may have a different meaning. In the wealthy countries of the world, other methods and methods of organizing the state's social work of people play a role.
Came to change the traditional rink system(capitalism) . The basis of this system is laid down:
1) the right to private power;
2) private government initiative;
3) the market organization of the distribution of the resources of the society.
Right to privacyє the right of a cremated person, who is recognized and protected by the law, vodity, koristuvatisya and ordering with a singing appearance and an obligation to limit resources (for example, a farmer's land, a birthplace of a vugill and a factory), later, that otrimuvati vіd tsgogo income. The very possibility of vodity with such a kind of virobnicheskikh resursіv, like capital, and on this basis of income, zoomed in on a friend, often called the goal of the economic system - capitalism.
Private power - recognized by the government the right of the okremi hromadyan that їх єднан voloditi, koristuvatisya and rozpriyadzhatisya sing obsyag (partially) be-any kind of economical resources.
To the view. On the other hand, the right of private power was protected only by the power of the enemy, and the kings and feudal lords were no longer the rulers. Ale potim, having passed the old path of the war and the revolution, the people created civilization, in the same way as a private lord of the skin of a huge man, as if his income allowed him to gain power.
The right of private power gives the opportunity to the rulers of economic resources to independently make decisions about how they win (they didn’t care about the interests of the state). Natomist tsya may not be surrounded by freedom of distribution of economical resources may be a turning point: the rulers of private authority bear the full burden of economic viability for the selection of options and victories.
Private government initiativeє the right of the dermatologist of virobnicheskikh resources independently to virishuvate, as if to win the world for the sake of income. With the help of skin goodness, you can be sure that you can successfully sell a resource on the market, such as volunteering your working strength, recruits, choosing your hands, your land plot, the products of your factory, or organizing commercial operations.
I, nareshti, vlasne markets- organized by a singing rank deeds from the exchange of goods.
Same markets:
1) determine the degree of luck and chi іnshої gospodarskoї іnіtsiativ;
2) to form the amount of income, which power to bring to their vlasniks;
3) dictate the proportions of the distribution of the exchange of resources between the alternative spheres of their choice.
The victory of the market mechanism I believe in making the skin seller think about the interests of the buyers, so that they can benefit for themselves. If you don’t work this way, your goods may appear inappropriate or too expensive, and instead of taking wine, you’ll take one beat. Ale and the buyer of confusion call on the interests of the seller - you can take away the goods, having paid less for the new price that has accumulated on the market.
Rinkov system(capitalism) - The method of organizing an economic life, in which capital and land are transferred from the power of others, and the resources are shared with additional markets.
Markets, based on competition, have become the most popular way for people to expand the distribution of natural resources and create them for their additional benefits.
Obviously, i The market system has its own shortfalls. Zokrema, she's born Great power of equal income and wealth if some bathe in luxury, and others live in villains.
Such differences in income have long spurred people to interpret capitalism as an "unfair" economic system and dream about the perfection of their lives. Tsі mriї called before appearing in XIX Art. of the public rhu, called Marxism in honor of the head ideologist - the German journalist and economist Karl Marx. Vіn that yogo the followers stverdzhuvali, that the market system exhausted the possibility of its development, and it became a galm for the distant growth of the goodness of the people. And that її was suggested to be replaced by a new economic system - command, or socialism (from Lativ. societas - "suspension").
Command economic system (socialism) - a way to organize an economic life, for some kind of capital and land, they are rebuying from the power of the state, and rozpodіl zadіlnyh resursіv zdіysnyuєєtsya zakіvіkі tsentralіv organіv governіnnya і іdpovіdno up to planіv.
The people of the command economic system became last low socialist revolutions , ideological ensign like Marxism The specific model of the command system was broken up by the leaders of the Russian Communist Party V.I. Leninim and I. V. Stalin.
Appropriate for Marxist theory lyudstvo could b rіzko priskoriti svіy Way to pіdvischennya Dobrobut ta usunuti vіdmіnnostі in іndivіdualnomu dobrobutі gromadyan Shlyakhov lіkvіdatsії privatnoї vlasnostі, usunennya konkurentsії she Keeping vsієї gospodarskoї dіyalnostі Kraina on osnovі єdinogo zagalnoobov'yazkovogo (policy) plan, scho rozroblyaєtsya kerіvnitstvom powers on naukovіy osnovі. The root theory of the epoch of the Middle Ages, at the rank of social utopia, that practical implementation fell to itself in the 20th century, if the socialist tabir was born.
As if all the resources (officials of warfare) are stunned by the ignominious people's power, but in reality, state officials and party officials are duly ordered by them, pulling behind them the unsafe economic legacy. Income of people and firms ceases to lie due to the fact that far away the stench of vicorist is found to be resources, as far as the result of їhnої pracі is effectively needed by the society. Other criteria become important:
a) for enterprises - the stages of reconciliation and reconciliation of planned tasks from the selection of goods. For the cekerivniks themselves, they were awarded orders and appointed ministers. It doesn't matter if these comrades could make zovsіm netіkavі purchases, yakі - yakbi stink little freedom of choice - they would give priority to other blessings;
b) for people - the nature of the relationship with the authorities, as the most scarce goods (cars, apartments, furniture, vouchers for the cordon, etc.), or zaynyattya plant, which gives access to "closed roses", such scarce goods are possible buy freely.
As a result, in the lands of the command system:
1) to find the simplest of the benefits that people need, they turned out to be a “deficit”. “Parachutists” became the main picture in the largest places, because the inhabitants of small places and forces, like they came with large backpacks to buy groceries, because there was nothing in their food stores;
2) the mass of businesses gradually recognized the slugs, and navitt established such a clear category, like planned slugs businesses. With whom, the practitioners of such undertakings, all the same, regularly collected wages and bonuses;
3) the greatest success for the citizens and businesses was "distant" as an imported product chi possessed. At the Chergu for the Yugoslav women's shoes, the stars were recorded.
Through war, the end of the XX century. having become the era of deep rozcharuvannya in the possibilities of the planning-command system, and the large socialist regions were busy with the difficult right to revive the private authority of the market system.
Speaking about the planned-command abo market economic system, following the memory, what in its pure form can be known only on the sides of scientific practices. Really gospodarske life, navpaki, zavzhdy є sumishyu elements of different economic systems.
The modern economic system of the most developed countries in the world has the same confusion. A lot of global national and regional economic problems are virulent here by the state.
As a rule, today the power takes part in the economic life of society for two reasons:
1) some needs of the welfare of their own specifics (defence of the army, amendment of laws, organization of street traffic, fight against epidemics, etc.)
2) it can help to mitigate the negative consequences of the activity of the market mechanisms (too much wealth for the wealthy of the hulks, the money for the superfluous middle ground for the activity of the commercial firms, too).
Identity of civilization of the beginning of the XX century. the economic system has become overwhelmed.
Changed economic system - a way of organizing an economical life, for which land and capital are exchanged with private authorities, and for the sharing of resources, they are established as markets, and for the significant participation of the state.
In such an economic system the basis is private power on economical resources, which some countries want(France, Nimechchina, Great Britain and other) Іsnuє dosit great sovereign sector. Before the new business enters, the capital of which is more or less often owned by the powers (for example, the German airline "Lufthansa"), but yaki: a) do not win the powers of the plans; b) follow the market laws; c) embarrassment of equal competition with private firms.
In these lands The main economic nutrition is most importantly affected by the markets. The stench and rozpodіlyayu overimportant part of economic resources. Together with team part of the resources is centralized and distributed by the power for additional command mechanisms with the method of compensating for any weaknesses in market mechanisms (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. The main elements of a changed economic system (I - the sphere of di-market mechanisms, II - the sphere of di-command mechanisms, to control from the side of the state)
On fig. 2 shows the scale, which is mentally imagined, to which economic systems to put the current different powers.
Rice. 2. Types of economic systems: 1 - USA; 2 - Japan; 3 - India; 4 - Sweden, England; 5 - Cuba, Pivnichna Korea; 6 - deyakі the edge of Latin America and Africa; 7- Russia
Here the rotation of numbers symbolizes the proximity of the economic systems of different countries of that type. The most purely market-based system is being implemented in some countriesLatin America and Africa. Factors of growth there are already more important than private power, and the power of power in the power of economic power is minimal.
In such countries, like USA and Japan, Panuє private power on the factors of production, but the role of the state in the economic life of the floor is great, you can talk about the zmіshanu ekonomіchnu system. At that very hour, Japan saved more elements of the traditional economic system than the United States. The axis is why the number 2 (Japanese economy) is closer to the top of the tricoutnik, which symbolizes the traditional system, the bottom number is 1 (the US economy).
In economies Sweden and Great Britain the role of the state in the expansion of the exchange of resources is even greater, lower in the United States and Japan, and the number 4, symbolizing it, is worth more than the numbers 1 and 2.
In the most common-looking command system, the command system was saved at once for Cuba and near Pivnichny Korea. Here, private power is liquidated, and the state distributes all resources.
The basis of the significant elements of the traditional economic system in the state India and similar to her land of Asia and Africa(if you want and here the market system prevails) we indicate the placement of the appropriate number 3.
Roztashuvannya Russia(Number 7) stands for Tim, scho:
1) the foundations of the command system in our country are already under construction, but the role of the state in the economy is still great;
2) the mechanisms of the market system are still being formed (and the differences are still weak, but in India);
3) the factors of volatility have gone over to private power more and more, and such the most important clerk of volatility, like the earth, actually goes over to the collective power of members of many collective hospitals and radgospiv, no longer formally transformed into joint-stock partnerships.
To what economic system lies the distant way of Russia?
Economic system
Economic system(Engl. economic system) - the succession of all economic processes, which are dependent on the suspility on the basis of the formation of the new moisture and the state mechanism. Be it an economic system, the primary role is played by a combination of rozpodilom, exchange, settlement. All economic systems require economical resources for the production, and the results of the state activity are divided, exchanged and improved. At that very hour, economic systems have the same elements, which seem to infuse them with each other:
- socially-economical vіdnosiny;
- organizational and legal forms of government activity;
- government mechanism;
- system of incentives and motivation of participants;
- economic links between businesses and organizations.
The main types of economic systems are refurbished below.
Economic system in different scientific schools
The concept of the economic system (її zmіst, elemental structure) is to fall in the form of an economic school. In the neoclassical paradigm, the description of the economic system is developed through micro and macroeconomic concepts. The subject of neoclassicism is seen as a follow-up behavior of people who maximize their cost among the environment of resource sharing in case of non-feedback needs. The main elements are: firms, households, state.
Economic systems are also twisted at a glance of other theoretical schools, which are directly related to economic theory. Looking at the history of today's post-industrial society, the post-industrial economy (neo-economy, "information society" or "knowledge society") is emerging as a special technological mode, which is a kind of economic system of social sciences. The paradigm of the "economy development" has a special group of countries of the "third world", which has a low number of important regularities: the institutional structure, the peculiarities of the macroeconomic dynamics, the particular model. Also, the economy is looking at the development of a class of special economic systems. In view of the pan-style concepts of neoclassicism and neo-institutionalism, the historical school focuses on the diversity of national economic systems that have historically evolved.
Parameters of the distribution of economic systems
Technical, economic and post-economic parameters
Economical systems are developed at a glance of technological structures. From a glance of the structure: pre-industrial economic systems, industrial and post-industrial economic systems. An important parameter for post-industrial systems is the development of creativity and the role of the economy. For її vimіru zvychivayut vikoristovuyut vіmіryuvanі parametres equalization of illuminance, for example, a part of osіb іz vishchoyu illuminance, the structure of professional employment is too thin. The most important characteristic is the assessment in the economic system of the world of solving environmental problems. Demographic parameters allow for changes in nutrition, related to the nearness of the economic system to the post-industrial sector, moreover, direct relation to these parameters may affect the triviality of life, child mortality, illness, and other parameters of the nation's health. Pitoma vaga of post-industrial technologies is counted for frequent employment in the general public of the GDP.
Spivvіdnoshennia to the plan and market (location of resources)
These parameters are especially relevant for countries with economies in transition. The characteristics of the mechanisms of state planning of the economy, the development of commodity-penny money, the development of natural statehood, the world development of the shadow economy are given. Characteristics of the development of the market: world development of institutions for the market, the world of market self-organization (competition), market size (deficit), market structure. Go to the development of regulation: antimonopoly regulation; world development of sovereign regulation (selective regulation, anti-cyclical regulation, programming); world development of regulation from the side of the public associations. More detailed analysis of the role of the state in the economy zdiisnyuєtsya in the theory of suspension choice, which considers the process of adopting a series of decisions, the system of a suspension agreement (constitutional economy) and іn. .
Air humidity parameters
When analyzing economic systems, a characteristic is given of the spivvіdshennya chastok of sovereign, cooperative and private enterprises. Tim not less, such a characteristic is formal, for more profound characteristics of the economic system, vikoristovuyutsya akіsnі and kіlkіsnі characteristics of the description of the essence of forms and methods of controlling moisture content and її assignment. For example, for countries with a transitional economy, it is possible to give such a characteristic, depending on the following nutrition:
- the world of concentration of powerful new things in the hands of the bureaucratic party-power apparatus and the establishment of the state in the form of suspense (working people do not take the fate of the attracted suspense wealth);
- steps of centralization/decentralization of state power (“transferring” some functions of management to the level of enterprises) that, for example, the possession of cooperative power;
- the world of laying out the state-bureaucratic pyramid and economic power and the establishment of “closed driving systems”, the empowerment of power in the regions near the regions.
From time to time, an economical system can be democratized, if there is a greater commitment to new management of power and appropriation to enter enterprises and private persons.
An important characteristic of vіdnosin vlastnosti є vlastnostі form, as a part of the enterprises: scho to be familiar with sovereign vlastnostі; joint-stock companies, a controlling stake in any shares are transferred from the hands of the state; cooperatives and collective undertakings; joint-stock companies, a controlling stake in any of them is transferred from the hands of practitioners; joint-stock companies, where the controlling stake belongs to private individuals and private corporations; private special enterprises, which victorious recruitment; foundations on special practices of Vlasniks; undertakings that belong to foreigners; authority of the community organizations; different types of residential enterprises.
Ratio analysis of social parameters
Riven and dynamics of real incomes. "Price" of real income (trivality of working days, fund of working hours at home, intensity of work). Yakіst spozhivannya (naturity of the market, spend an hour at the sphere of spozhivannya). A part of a free hour, directly yoga vikoristannya. Yakіst ta zmіst pratsі. The development of the socio-cultural sphere, the availability of services. The development of the science and lighting sphere and її accessibility.
Row follow-up to the mechanism of functioning of economic systems
Modern market economic system
The market is a collapsible economic system of mutual relations in the sphere of economic development. Vіn obumovleniya kіlkom principles, yakі zumovlyuyut yogo daytime and vіdіznyayut vіd іnshih ekonomіchnih systems. These principles are grounded on the freedom of the people, on their apprenticeship talents, and on the just standing before them of the state. True, these principles are not rich - you can look at the fingers of one hand, but it is important to overestimate the importance for the very understanding of the market economy. Moreover, these are the foundations, but the very thing: the freedom of the individual and, honestly, the magic is already closely tied to the understanding of the legal power. Guarantees of freedom and honesty may be less in the minds of the hromeditary supremacy of that legal power. But the essence of the rights, filled with people for the minds of the legal power, is the right of freedom of accommodation: the skin of the hulking man has the right to rule his life in such a way, as it seems to you, at the borders of his financial possibilities. It is necessary for people that the right to power be indestructible, and in the defense of their rights, the main role is played by the wine itself, and the state takes on the role of defense against illegal encroachment on the power of the hulk of other hulks. Such a balance of power will take a person within the framework of the law, so that ideally the state should stand on its feet. The law, which is to be respected, even if it is bi yakim vin buv, becomes fair, if only for the one who honors it. But, protecting the rights of the hulks, the state can cross the cordon, like totalitarianism, and chaos. For the first person, the initiative of the masses can be streamed, or it can be manifested by the side of the eye, and for the other, the power of that її laws can be swept away by violence. Prote "distance" between totalitarianism and chaos is great, and the power at any time can play "its" role. The role of this field is in the effective regulation of the state. Under the regulation, a wide range of approaches should be considered, and if it is more effective than the first choice, then it is better to trust the state.
Vіdminnі rice:
- different forms of power, middle, like and earlier, more space borrowing private power in different species;
- roaring the scientific and technological revolution, as hastened the creation of the laborious virobnichoy and social infrastructure;
- the exchange of state involvement in the economy, the role of the order in the social sphere, like before, is great;
- change in the structure of variance and posture (growth of the role of services);
- increase in the level of enlightenment (pіslyashkіlna);
- new setting to work (creative);
- promotion of respect to dovkіllya (reimbursement of reckless exploitation of natural resources);
- humanization of the economy (“human potential”);
- informatization of knowledge (increase in the number of types of knowledge);
- renaissance of small business (swedish innovation and high differentiation of products);
- globalization of state activity (the world of becoming a single market).
Traditional economic system
Economically weakly developed countries have a traditional economic system. This type of economic system is based on high-quality steel technology, a wide range of manual practices, and the richness of the economy.
The rich structure of the economy means the basis for the economy of the system of various forms of government. Natural-communal forms are being taken from the lower lands, founded on the communal state and natural forms of distribution of the created product. The greatness of the value can be a commodity variety. It is based on private authority on the virobnichi resources and special work of their master. In the lands with the traditional system of commodity production, the production is represented by numerous rural and industrial states, which dominate the economy.
In the minds of a weakly defined national enterprise, foreign capital often plays an important role in the economy of the country.
In the life of society, traditions and sounds, religious cultural values, castes and camps have risen, streaming social and economic progress.
Virishennya key economic tasks may have specific features at the boundaries of different ways. For the traditional system, a characteristic feature is the active role of the state. Rerozpodіlyayuchi through the budget a significant part of the national income, the state directs money for the development of infrastructure and social support for the most diverse population. The traditional economy is based on traditions that are passed down from generation to generation. Tsі traditsії determine what kind of comrades and servants will serve, for whom and what a rank. The list of benefits, the technology of selection and distribution are based on the characteristics of the country. The economic roles of the members of the suspile are determined by the decline and caste belonging. This type of economy is saved today in the lowlands of weakly developed lands, in which technical progress penetrates with great difficulties, shards of wine, ringing, raising fatigue in their systems, sound, tradition.
Advantages of the traditional economy
- stability;
- transferability;
- goodness is a great number of blessings.
Shortfalls of the traditional economy
- bezakhisnіst before zovnіshnіmi infusions;
- nezdatnіst to self-perfection, to progress.
Vіdminnі rice:
- very primitive technologies;
- transfer of manual work;
- all key economic problems vary from age to age;
- organization and management of economic life warehouses for the sake of decision.
Traditional economic system Burkina-Faso, Burundi, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Benin. The name of the least developed country of the world. The economy is driven by the silsk state. In rich lands, the diversity of the population looks like national (folk) groups. GNP per capita is taken from 400 dollars. The economy of the country is represented more importantly by the Russian state, rarely by the handicraft industry. Everything that viroblyaetsya that vydobuvaetsya not in the capacity to prodovat and secure the population of these lands. In opposition to these powers, the lands with a greater high income, and also oriented towards the state of agriculture - Azerbaijan, Cote d'Ivoire, Pakistan.
Administrative command system (planned)
Tsya system panuvala earlier in the Soviet Socialist Republic, the lands of shidnoї Єuropi, and the lower Asian powers.
Characteristic rices of the ACS are the suppіlna (and really – sovereign) power practically on all economical resources, monopolization and bureaucratization of the economy in specific forms, centralized economic planning as the basis of the state mechanism.
Gospodarsky mechanism of ACS may be low features. Vіn peredbachaє, in a first way, without intermediary management of the usima undertakings from a single center - the greater echelons of the state power, to create a new independence of the subject of the state. In another way, the state is in full control of the variety and distribution of products, the results include free markets for interrelationships between other states. Thirdly, the state apparat cherishes the government's diyalnistyu for the help of more importantly administrative and ordering (command) methods, which increase the material impact on the results of practice.
Outside of the state's obsession, it is not enough for the scale of monopolization of production and the production of products. Giant monopolies, which have established themselves in all the galleys of the people's state and are supported by ministries and departments, do not allow for the introduction of novelties of technology and technology for the sake of competition. For spawned monopoly scarce economy is characterized by the presence of normal material and human reserves in times of disruption of the balance of the state.
In the lands from the ACS, the primordial economic enterprises have little of their own specific features. Obviously, before panіvnih іdeologicheskih installations zavdannya zavdannya obyazhenya and the structure of products was considered to be serious and viable, in order to convey the її virіshennia to the most unbiased virobniks themselves - let's say business, radgospam and kolgospam.
Centralization of distribution of material goods, labor and financial resources without the participation of non-intermediate virobniks and supporters, apparently to the back public goals and criteria, on the basis of centralized planning. Significant part of the resources in the form of pan-ideological installations was directed to the development of the military-industrial complex.
Rozdil created products among the participants in the production of heavily regulated by the central authorities for the costs of the tariff system, which is everywhere zastosovuєtsya, as well as centrally ratified norms of costs for the fund of wages. This led to the overestimation of the cost of living until the payment of the cost
Basic rice:
- sovereign authority on all economical resources;
- strong monopolization and bureaucratization of the economy;
- centralized, directive economic planning as the basis of the state mechanism
The main figures of the state mechanism:
- non-intermediate rule by usima enterprises from the center;
- the state has more control over the variety and distribution of products;
- the state apparatus is responsible for the government's diyalnistyu for help more importantly than administrative-command methods.
This type of economic system is typical for: Kubi, Vietnam, Pivnichnoi Korea. The economy has been centralized with the most important part of the sovereign sector of the greater world to fall into the hands of the strong state and the foreign trade. The GNP per capita of the population of Trochs exceeds 1000 dollars.
Changed system
The changing economy represents such an economic system, where the state and the private sector play an important role in the selection, distribution, exchange and saving of all resources and material goods in the country. In this case, the regulatory role of the market is supplemented by the mechanism of sovereign regulation, and private power is associated with the supremacy-sovereign. Changed the economy of vinyl in the interwar period and dosi to become the most efficient form of government. It is possible to see five main tasks, as if they were tied up with a mixed economy:
- employment security;
- outside of vikoristannya varobnicheskih intensities;
- stabilization of prices;
- parallel increase in wages and productivity of work;
- equal to the balance of payments.
Vіdminnі rice:
- the priority of the market organization of the economy;
- rich sector of the economy;
- the sovereign MANAGEMENT support will join with the private for the universal yoga encouragement;
- orientation of financial, credit and tax policy on economic growth and social stability;
- social protection of the population.
This type of economic system is typical for Russia, China, Sweden, France, Japan, Great Britain, USA.
Literature
- Kolganov A.I., Buzgalin A.V. Economic Comparatives: Porіvnyalnyy analіz ekonomіchnih sistem: Pіdruchnik. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009. - ISBN 5-16-002023-3
- Nurev R.M. Draw from the history of institutionalism. - Rostov n/a: "Spriyannia - XXI century"; Humanitarian Perspectives, 2010. - ISBN 978-5-91423-018-7
- Vidyapin V.I., Zhuravlyova G.P., Petrakov N.Ya. that in. Economic systems: cybernetic nature of development, market methods of management, coordination of government activities of corporations / Per z zag.red. - N.Ya. Petrakov; Vidyapina V.I.; Zhuravlyova G.P. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008. - ISBN 978-5-16-003402-7
- Dinkin A.A., Korolev I.S., Khesin E.S. that in. Light economy: forecast until 2020 / Edited by A.A. Dinkina, I.S. Korolova, G.I. Machavarians. - M.: Magistr, 2008. - ISBN 978-5-9776-0013-2
Notes
Posilannya
- Website of Inozemtsev V. L. Modern post-industrial industry: nature, cleaning.
- Erokhin E. A. Theory of economic development of a systemic-synergetic approach.
- Liiv E. H. Infodynamics intensified entropy and negentropy 1997
More lessons for EDI on YouTube channel
Lecture:
Main economical food
Economic science, based on the principle of rational substitution of resources to satisfy people's needs, wonders about food: what, how and who should think?
What work? Meaning virishiti yakі, in yakіy kіlkostі and yakostі ekonomіchnі goods (goods and services) it is necessary to create.
How to cook? From the same time, as resources, technologies will be selected from the forerunners of the same economic benefits.
Who to work for? It means that for some categories of people (segment of the market) the benefits will be recognized, for example, toys for children, cosmetics for women.
Economic system- This is a complex of principles and rules of economic payments, which are blamed on the process of virobnitstv, rozpodіlu, exchange and saving of goods.
Vcheni see traditional, planned (command), market and changing economic systems. Let's take a look at their characteristic rice.
Traditional economic system
The oldest type is the traditional economic system. It is typical for the primary suspіlstva, alley and in the modern lands of pivdennoї America, Asia and Africa, de resourses are already surrounded.
Signs:
- virishennya nutrition, like and for whom it is based on traditions (approachability);
- the basis of the economy is the strong state;
- communal form of power;
- universal manual work and primitive technologies of production, which will increase the productivity of work;
- natural statehood, directing direct satisfaction of government needs, and not for sale;
- low tovarooobіg, vіdpovіdno low rіven of commodity-penny vіdnosin;
- the closedness of the society, the basis of the caste rank of the station, which allows people to move from the same social group to a foreign country, on the basis of which social and economic progress is streamed.
The traditional economic system may have its own advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are the offensiveness, the simplicity of the organization of the war, the slightly confused dowkill. Nedolіkami є low rіven income, shortage of commodities wide spozhivannya, zamezhennya ekonomіchnogo rostannya.
Planned economic system
A planned (command) economic system is one of the signs of a totalitarian political regime. This type of panuvav for hours of the SRSR, but also functions in modern powers, for example, near Pivnichny Korea, in Cuba.
Signs:
- vyshennya basic economic nutrition should be given to a centralized sovereign body, which is a directive planning of the economy;
- the basis of the economy is the state of the country and the state of trade;
- the right to virobnitstva perebuvayut from the authority of the state, and the private authority can be only more often, recognized for the control of the domestic state;
- the appearance of a suspіlnogo rozpodіlu pratsі;
- administrative regulation of prices;
- monopolization of the market.
Rinkova economic system
Rinkov's economy transfers the freedom to accept activity, which is guaranteed by the state. The basis of the viability between virobniks and gentlemen is the individual interest and vlasna vigoda.
Signs:
- virishennya nutrition, how and to whom it is possible to lay down the hairdresser, the harvester, the caretaker;
- the basis of the economy is the sphere of services;
- recognize different forms of authority, but override private;
- the burial of a suspіlnogo rozpodіlu pratsі;
- trade houses are widely developed;
- the price setting will be regulated by the laws of the market;
- competition;
- The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution are widely requested in the field of production.
The headline of the market economy is competition, which is necessary for the fact that the virobniks have started to create yakіsnu produkciyu, and spozhivachі mali a wide variety of singing goods or services (assortment). Another advantage is the influx of virobniks in order to win resources effectively and satisfy the maximum consumption of people for the minimum cost. Є tsієї sistemy ta nedolіki. The price of the income inequality of the population, the situation of social development between the poor and the wealthy, unemployment, periodic economic crises. The problem of negative external (side) effects is sharply raised. For example, the activity of a pulp and paper plant causes water pollution (weekend near the water); zbіlshennya koristuvannya people avtomobilіv prizvodnennya povіtrya. The state is embarrassed to get involved in the solution of such problems, succumbing to the imperfection of the market.
Changed economic system
The Danish type of economic system has the same signs of command and market systems over the rest. Therefore, one of the important signs of the zmishanoї economy is a rich sector, as in the case of a significant role as a power, and private osіb. But they can be in this system of rice of the traditional economy. For example, perfume making in France is traditional. The role of the state in changing the economy is great and polaghaє in:
- non-admission of monopoly of the production of economic benefits (crime of strategically important goods, for example, military technology and equipment, space installation);
- preventing a shortage of goods and services;
- stabilization of prices;
- providing for the employment of the ordinary population and the provision of assistance to the unemployed people (for example, the disabled, pensioners);
- sustenance of the blessings (for example, protect your health and enlightenment);
- defense against unfair participants in the market;
- fight against the negative negative effects of virobnitstva.
Economical systems - tse koshti, with the help of such lands, in a row, share resources and exchange goods and services.
The stench is victorious to control the five factors of development, which include: workforce, capital, business, physical and information resources.
In everyday life, the factors include spivrobitnikov, pennies, if the company can have its own order, as well as access to businesses (people who want to care about business or start their own business).
Whether yaki physical resources are necessary for conducting business, as well as data, and information, as well as officials of the industry. Different economic systems look at the choice of these officials in a different way.
Types of economic systems
Explore several different types of economic systems: traditional economy, command economy, market economy and the changing economy. The leather type of economy has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Traditional economic system
The most traditional and most recent type of economy in the world. A great part of the world, like before, functions within the framework of the economic system. The districts, as a rule, are the strongest lands of the third world and are closely connected with the earth, sound like a strong state.
Pluses and minuses of the traditional economic system
Zagalom, in the economy of the type of economy, the economy is too much too strong (the stink saves all or may be all those who vibrate and little save for the coming river).
A skin participant in the traditional economy can have a more specific and clearly defined role, and social welfare, as a rule, is closer to socially satisfied. However, the stench does not prevent access to technology and advanced medicine.
Command (centralized) economic system
In the command economic system, a significant part of the economic system is controlled by the central government. For example, in the SRSR, most decisions were taken by the central order. This type of economy is the basis of communist philosophy.
Shards are such a central element of the economy, they often take part in everything: from planning to redistribution of resources. The command economy of the building is to create a good supply of its resources, and win the wine of its people at affordable prices.
The order calls out all the significant bells and whistles of industry, such as public services, aviation and air.
It is theoretically possible for a command economy to create a sufficient number of working places and secure goods and services at affordable prices. Prote truly the greater country from the center of the economic system is seized on the most important resources, such as naphtha.
Pivnichna Korea and China are the butts of the command economy.
Pluses and minuses of the command (centralized) economic system
The main advantages of the command economic system are due to the fact that, if it is to be held in high rank, the unit can mobilize resources on a massive scale. І tsya mobilization can provide a job for all the citizens.
The order can be concerned for the benefit of the society, and not for the individual. This focusing can lead to a more efficient use of resources.
One of the shortcomings of the command economic system is the fact that it is easy for the central planners to secure the consumption of the dermal member of the suspіlstva. Tse zmushuє order to normalize the vidach, the shards of wine cannot be thawed out through those who establish wine prices.
The last shortfall of the economy is the shortfall of innovation, the chips will not require a risk. Pratsіvniki are also embarrassed by their mother's profession, as they respect the order for their needs.
Rinkova economic system
In the minds of the market economy, firms and sіm'ї act in special interests and determine how resources are distributed, how goods are developed and who buys goods. This logic is opposite to how the command economy works, the central order takes profits.
In the market economy system, there is no order. However, the world does not have fair market economy.
For example, if America wants to be a capitalist country, it will, as before, regulate (or try to control) fair trade, order programs, honest business, and monopolies. In this type of economy, it has fallen to the order of the market.
Tsei podil does not allow the order of the article to be spitting and podtremuє yogo interests are obviously up to the interests of the markets.
Hong Kong is accepted as the butt of the market economic system.
Pluses and minuses of the market economic system
The main advantage of the market economy lies in the fact that people who are willing to pay the price they want, and enterprises are less able to generate profits from comrades and services.
There are also plenty of incentives for entrepreneurship. Tse to produce to the most effective way of winning the production, the shards of the enterprise are more competitive.
Undertakings invest a significant amount of money in the follow-up and distribution. As a stimulus for continuous innovations, the small companies compete with the best of the best products.
Through the zhorstku competition in the free market of business, it is not particularly turbulent about the poor, such as people of a frail age or a disabled person. This should lead to more unevenness in income.
Oskіlki rynok pobudovaniya vykljuchno on special interests, economic needs may take priority over social and human needs, such as the need for medical assistance to the everyday. Monopolies can also exploit the scum.
Changed economy
Zmishana ekonomika - tse poddnannya different types of economic systems. Tsya economic system є crossroads between the market economy and the command economy.
The world has a sprig of types of different economies. In the broadest types of markets, there are more and lesser ones in the right of sovereign power, with a few key areas, such as transport or "sensitive" gallusy industry, such as defense and air.
Prote ryad also take part in the regulation of private business. The idea of \u200b\u200bchanging the economy was supposed to win the best of both worlds - to unite socialist and capitalist politics.
Singing peace, the greater part of the country can change the economic system. For example, India and France are changing economies.
Pluses and minuses of the mixed economic system
One of the first and most memorable achievements of the zmishanoї ekonomika can be taken into account less in the order of the worker, lower in the command economy. Tse means that private enterprises can be more efficient, which will lead to a fast turnaround.
The detachment can get in, to fix the problem. For example, more orders to get involved in order to shut down great companies, because the stinks are evil of monopolistic power.
Another butt can be the subsidy of shkidlih produktіv, such as cigarettes, reducing their negative impact on their citizens. Uryady can create programs, such as the protection of health, social protection or social security.
In zmіshanіy ekonomіtsі, the order can win the tax-paying policy for redistribution of income and short-term nervousness.
Sometimes, situations can arise, for which a lot of things are put too late, in a row, if not enough.
The main problem is those who are supported by the power of business are often subsidized by the order and stick with the great Borg, because the stench is uncompetitive.
Types of economic systems - table
For a basic understanding of economic systems, you can compare with the following tables:
| Porіvnyannya characteristics | Traditional | Command / centralized | Rinkova |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appointment | richness of the economy, superiority in technology, wide variation in manual practice | land, capital and mayzhe all economic resources belong to the state | lands and capital are transferred from the private power of people |
| power | head rank hromadska | sovereign rank | top rank private |
| What is vibrating | sіlskogo spodarske virobnitstv, ribalstvo, mislivstvo melancholy; few goods and services are made; that viroblyat virishuetsya traditions, yakі develop properly | What do people believe about the associations of fakhivtsiv: economists, engineers, representatives of this industry | vyznayatsya spozhivachami; those who want to stink, those who will be sold / bought, turn out; drink the people's proposition |
| Method of selection | they vibrate like they did their fathers | appoint plans | virobniki |
| For whom goods and services | the most important part of the bulk of the hulks is on the way; the supplementary product is left to the leaders / leaders or to the rulers of the earth, the part that is left is to be shared | professionals who specialize in warehousing plans, who are the leaders of the day, who, who and how many comrades take that service | savers buy skils (and they can pay for it), and pickers take their profits |
Economic system of Russia
In principle, the greater part of the world is respected by the changing economies. Otzhe, it is necessary to analyze glibshe. In Russia, at the moment, the economic system has been zmishana, and the basis is the market economy, where the state plays an important role in its economic processes.
Behind the way of growing Russia is the capitalist economy.
Behind Rivan Soviet Division of the Divorobnicity of Rosiya Yedey Slyachey Suschomsky Suspali: Actively stroke at NauchomsiStki Technology, the value of that Іnformatiya, the vonya is rejected by one of the arrival of the viscosity of the virginity, the Viskey Kvalіfіkatsіyi Spe_vkіtorіv, unlucky Zb_lishennya in the professional services, Svitvyvyviki.
I oskіlki Russia is actively developing trade with wealthy lands, an economical system, in such a rank, it has a strong character.
Capitalist and socialist supremacy
Gerald Cohen, lecturer at Oxford University, at his work "Socialism - why not?" On a simple example, like a group of people looking for a picnic to nature, I explain how this group interacted, like in the middle of it panuvav capitalism or socialism.
In short: at the picnic of the capitalist group, the stench was bargained for, who had robbed and what services they had, but in the socialist group - none.
Julian Cooper, British science writer, economist and facilitator of Russian economic nutrition, writing in 2011 a rotational article under the title "Russian economy in twenty years after the end of the socialist" economic systems of Russia ("The economicist of the twenty years after the social economy)" .
At nіy vіn mіrkuє about those, like Russia rose up after the Radyansk Union, what else is the socialist economic infusion, like having founded on the territory of our state for sixty years, or else it will be established.
І rob the whiskers, which nevertheless still reveals significant remnants of the decline of our socialist past and that the transformation of the market has not yet been completed.
Jason Brennan (Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Georgetown University) already has a little more to think about. Most economists are aware that capitalism is a compromise from its mystical human nature.
As Adam Smith (economist and philosopher) said: “It is not through the kindness of the spiritual butcher, the brewer or the bakers that we check for our dinner, but through their interest to their own good.”
In his book, Jason Brennan talks about those who practice capitalism better, lower socialism, less so that people are not kind enough and generous, so that socialism is practiced. I yakby people were saints, we were b socialists.
Jason Brennan insists that to instill in an ideal world private power and free markets would be the best way to develop mutual spivpratsi, social justice, harmony and prosperity.
Like a professor, socialists should try to raise their moral high, showing that ideal socialism morally overturns realistic capitalism. According to Brennan, ideal capitalism is overturning ideal socialism, and capitalism would be socialism to skin equal.
And the professor's university professitism (Malaysiya) Kejvnі 2015 ROKI DRAKOVYY, SHO Uryati Sotzіal-Democratії Дідають ривага смішаній Эконіці-Ринковій Еконіці отданнані з заперой тепемение солусной зиності з.
In other words, the market can work for the benefit of the people (more employment, low inflation, environmentally friendly economic growth).
So having said that, the tax-budgetary (fiscal) policy is victorious for the speedy economic nervousness: it is cost-free or highly subsidized for health care, education, transport and living for the poor, financial help, way to pay socially re-management help. For example, you take away the state pennies less from that case, as your children go to school or take away vaccination.
System- all the impersonal elements, as they establish the same unity and integrity for the balance of stable interrelationships between the elements in the middle of the system.
Economic systems- Tse sukupnіst vzaymozalezhnyh ekonomіchnih elementіv, scho utvoryuyut pevnu tsіlіsnіst, ekonomіchnu structure suspіlstva; unity of money, which is formed from the drive of the generation, distribution, exchange and saving of economic benefits. Viriznyayut such features of the economic system:
interaction of factors of variation;
the unity of the phases of creation - slacking off, exchange, rozpodіlu and volatility;
a place of authority.
To determine which type of economic system dominates your economy, it is necessary to determine the main warehouses:
what form of power is important in the economic system;
yaki methods and priyomi vikoristovuyutsya in the management and regulation of the economy;
how to zastosovuyutsya methods for the most efficient distribution of resources and benefits;
in what way is the establishment of the price of goods and services (price settling).
The functioning of any economic system is built on the basis of organizational and economic vindications, which are blamed on the process of implementation, that is in the process of manufacturing, rozpodіlu, exchange that saving. Before the forms of links in the organization of the economic system lie:
hromadsky podіl pratsі (vykonanny pracіvnіmstva pіdpriєmstva varіznyh labor obov'yazkіv іz vyrobnitstvі comradіv chi servіvі, іnshimi іnshimi - spetіalіzatsіya);
cooperation of practice (the fate of different people in the process of manufacturing);
centralization (association of a number of enterprises, firms, organizations on a single target);
concentration (improvement of the establishment of the enterprise, firms in the competitive market);
integration (association of enterprises, firms, organizations, okremih galuzy, as well as the country with the method of infamous statehood).
Socio-economic vіdnosiny- Tse links for people, which are blamed on the process of virobnizstva and are formed on the basis of various forms of moisture on the virobnizstva.
One of the widest is such a classification of economic systems.
1. Traditional economic system- Tse system, in a way all the main economic nutrition is based on tradition and sound. Such an economy is based on territorially distant lands of the world, where the population is organized according to the tribal way of life (Africa). It is based on high-quality steel technology, a wide-ranging manual practice, a clear expression of the richness of the economy (different forms of government): natural-communal forms, commodities production, as represented by numerous rural and remitting states. Commodities and technologies in such economy are traditional, but rozpodil zdiisnyuєtsya for a caste sign. For this economy, foreign capital plays a great role. Such a system is characterized by the active role of the state.
2. Command and administrative planning economy- the whole system, in which the hromadsk (state) power dominates with a total of variability, collectively adopts economic decisions, centralizes the economics of the economy in the face of sovereign planning. As a coordinating mechanism, such an economy has a plan. Іsnuє a number of features of sovereign planning:
uninterrupted management of the US undertakings from a single center - the greater echelons of the sovereign power, to create a new independence of the subjects of the state;
the state has full control over the variety and distribution of products, the results include free markets for interrelationships between other enterprises;
the sovereign apparatus is responsible for the state's duty to help, more importantly, administrative and ordering methods, which increase the material impact on the results of practice.
3. Rinkova economy- an economical system, founded on ambushes of free enterprise, different forms of power on the basis of viability, market pricing, competition, contractual agreements between the subjects of the state, the exchanged power of the state in the government. In the process of the historical development of human society, changes of mind are being created for the improvement of economic freedom - the possibility of individuals to realize their interests and interests along the path of active activity in the production, distribution, exchange and saving of the economy.
Such a system of transferring the basis of a wealthy economy, that is a combination of sovereign, private, joint-stock, municipal and other types of power. Skin care, firms, organizations are entitled to the right to decide what, how and to whom to blame. If so, the stench is oriented to drink that proposition, and the free prices are blamed on the result of the interaction between the number of sellers and the number of purchases. Freedom of choice, private interest form the blue of competition. One of the main rethinks of pure capitalism is the special benefit of all participants in the economic activity, that is not only a capitalist entrepreneur, but also a hired worker.
4. Changed economy- Economic system with elements of other economic systems. This system appeared to be the most gnuchka, stuck to the inner and outer minds that change. The main drawings of the economic system: the recognition of the possession of a part of the state on a national and international scale; economic activity on the basis of the kіlkysnoї private and sovereign authority; active state. The state has the following functions:
support and facilitate the functioning of the market economy (protection of competition, legislation);
improve the mechanisms of the functioning of the economy (redistributed income and wealth), regulate the level of employment, inflation;
Virishuval so zavdannya schodo stabilization of the economy:
a) the creation of a stable financial system; b) providing new employment; c) reduction (stabilization) of the inflation rate; d) regulation of the balance of payments; e) the maximum possible smoothing of cyclic coliving.
Most of the transferred types of economic systems are used okremo, but they are rebuying in a permanent relationship, creating a system of light dominance in their own way.
Economical benefits - the totality of material objects and services, which are the subject of virobnic activity and exchange, are victorious for the satisfaction of human needs, and the number of such is fringed equally with the needs, like the stench is satisfied.
Part of the benefits, which are found freely in nature and are not the subject of economic activities, are brought to benefits, but not to economic benefits. To lie down to such blessings, zokrema, povіtrya. Together, for the sake of singing minds, they transform for the economic benefit, for example, on the underwater chute.
The category of rarity is organically linked with economic benefits.
Economic benefits are divided into long-term and non-dovgo-line, interchangeable and mutually complementary, current and future, direct and indirect.
Dovgostrokovі economic benefits vikoristovuyutsya satisfied one єї th ієї zh consume sprat times, spozhivayutsya step by step protyalogogo zastosuvannya (vykoristannya). Cars, television sets and other items of tribal coristuvannya lie before them.
Unsatisfied economic benefits can satisfy the first need once, the stench is more likely to be saved by a single act of victoriousness (for example, benefits, recognized savings).
To mutually beneficial economic benefits (substitutes that compete with the economy) top-notch butter and margarine are seen, cars of different brands are thin.
Vzaymodopovnyuyuchі ekonomіchnі uchi – tse ekonomіchnі utensils, zadatnі satisfied sevnі consumption at different spilnogo vikoristannya (for example, car and gasoline).
Benefits are placed before the right economic goods, as in the direct distribution of the economic subject, before the future - the blessings, with which individuals can be ordered only by the future (for example, deposits of the savings bank of the term contribution of pennies).
Direct economic benefits (such comforting benefits, like a zha, skinny clothes) without intermediary satisfaction with the same needs, it is necessary to transform them. Indirect economic benefits satisfy the consumer less like zasib (ownership, cars, sirovin meagerly.).
