Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic, ethical religions; the stench of the chastkovo zagalne sacred writings: the Bible of the Jews to enter the warehouse of the Christian Bible like the Old Testament; specifically to Christian sacred writings є New Order. The number of religions may have a lot of postulates of faith: 1) God is one, 2) God is almighty and 3) good, 4) Creator, 5) He who speaks His Word to people and 6) answers to this prayer. І Judaism, and Christianity 7) to positively accept the world as the arena of God's activity, 8) as a place, where people should behave correctly, and 9) as it is necessary to curb injustice. offended by religion 10) at the afterlife, at the Sunday. Nareshti, stink vvazhayut, scho 11) history may end, 12) which means the actual realization of God's plan on Earth, and stand for the help of the Messiah, or, zgіdno with modern forms of Judaism, in the Messianic era. Christianity is on fire special respect before Judaism, the shards of Yogo the founder Jesus Christ and Yogo were Jews; stinks lived like Jews; the Jewish Bible was written in their writings, the stench criticized the Jewish faith and tradition, but they were out of the blue, speaking like reformers in the middle. The life of Jesus and yoga is rich in why they will be ignorant without knowing about modern Yomu Judaism. Although Judaism and Christianity have a lot of common elements in religions, all the same, they are deeply different religions. First, in Judaism, God is one and only; in Christianity, God is one in His nature, but he speaks in three persons, as if they make the Holy Trinity: God-father, God-sin, that God-Holy Spirit. Christians believe in Jesus, called Christ, like the Messiah - the instillation of the Other Person of the Trinity, that Yom is worshiped not as a person, but as a God, who has become a person. The order of humanity is the whole and complete gift of God, talents through the sacrifice of the Other Trinity Individual, who, having become a human being, who, having suffered, died and resurrected again. Christians believe in Christ and Yogo suffering, death and resurrection; stinks inherit Yogo vchennya and Yogo butt; And after death, they spodivayutsya partake of Holy Great Sunday. Judaism believes in God's mercy, but it will expand only on those who belong to the people of Israel, suvoro vikonu the order of the Judaic court and seek the holiness of life. By the look of the Jews, the Messiah has not yet come, and the stench is predicting the onset of the Messiah, or the onset of the Messianic eri. Future for them is peace on Earth and justice. For Christians, the future is connected with the confessions about the Friend of the coming of Christ, if evil is born again and spiritually blessed, created in Christ, I will again appear in the Kingdom of God. I Judaism, and Christianity have not practiced for a long time the Law of sacrificing creatures. But for the Jews, the ritual ordering of the Bible (mitzvot) is deprived of the norm of behavior, the stench is detailed in the Talmud like a halak, otherwise it could go on to everyday life, even as Christians recognize the less ethical teaching of the Bible, as if they were in the Ten. Christians give a special meaning to faith in Christ, who grants mercy, strength and strength for moral life. Judaism teaches about the holy life on the basis of the following mitzvahs and support, that in the public justice it is necessary to take into account the biblical standards, as the Jewish prophets respected. Tsі religiї marvel in a different way and the fall of the people; Christianity is about the doctrine of the First Sin, to which Judaism does not attach any special significance.
These deep vіdminnosti lead to the fact that Judaism and Christianity in a different way stand up to their writings. Judaism respects its sacred books by thoroughly verifying those moral norms, vikonnannya which God will guide people for their well-being. For Christians, the sacred books of Judaism, which they call the Old Testament, are only prepared for the rest of the revelation, as God grants through Christ, - all the revelation is written in the books of the New Testament.
The Jewish Bible, or Tanak, is composed of the Law (Torah), Prophets (Nebiїm) and Scripture (Ketuvim); її books were written for a period that hovers over more than thirteen centuries of Jewish history, in the hour of Moses to the rest of the centuries a centenary to ours. The center of writing is the Torah, or the Pentateuch of Moses. The book of Butt to revenge the stories about the creation of the world, the fall of the people and the life of the patriarchs Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Josip. Departure, Leviticus, Numbers and Repetition of the Law to tell about the freedom of the Jews from Egyptian slavery and about the coming of Moses to the Law on Mount Sinai. The prophets include the books of Josus Nun, Suddiv, Samuel, Kings, which tell about the history of Israel, if the prophets cherished them, and the books of the prophets of Isa, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Amos, Osii, Mikheya, Avakum, John, Haggai, Zechariah. The writings include the book of Psalms, as well as prayers and hymns; Proverbs, the books of Ecclesiastes and Job, how to avenge, speak, think about wisdom and think about human reason; Lamentation of Єremії, scho rozpovidaє about the destruction of the Jerusalem temple; I love to sing Song Song, as long ago it is interpreted as a description of mystical vіdnosin between God and Israel, but between God and that people; the book of the prophet Daniel, which tells about the faith for the hours of persecution.
Krіm Tanak was based on the tradition of the Usnoy Tory, which founded the middle of the rabbis in the first century of our eri and was codified like the Talmud. Vin is composed of two main parts - the Mishnah and the Gemara - and may be a great authority for reaching the attribute of a Jew. The Talmud can also be interpreted as a development of the tradition of commenting on the text of the Bible for the correct understanding. Although the greater part of the Talmud is consecrated to the obscurity and codification of the Law, fragments are added to it that reveal the nature of universal spiritual and ethical wisdom. The Talmud has the largest collection of a small treatise called Abot, or Vislovi Batkiv, which is brought to the Mishni. The books of the Midrash (commentaries of the rabbinicals before the writings) are filled with moral and spiritual tales and stories. Other texts of the Rabbis of the same period are also highly respected among the right-wing Jews: Sifre, which includes the Numbers of Sifre and Deuteronomy of Sifre, Tanchum, Pesikta Rabbati and Pesikta Kahan, Tosefta. Krіm them at the Jewish tradition to attach respect to the book of prayers established by the Law. Mystical treatise. The Zohar and other low creations establish Kabbalah - a mystical tradition, which is canonically significant for wealthy Jews. Also, a number of theological treatises may be of great importance, among them such as "Help for the Lost One" by Moses Maimonides (1135-1204 pp.) and "Shulkhan Arukh" by Josip Karo (XVI century).
The Christian Bible is composed of the Old and New Testaments. The old covenant was written in sacred writings for Jesus and Yogo of the followers, as if they were Jews. The Old Testament is identical to the Jewish Bible, but the books are sorted out in a different order. Christians see from the mouths of the Old Testament the prophetic books, shards of stench speak of the coming of the Messiah, as Christians respect Jesus Christ.
The Orthodox and Roman Catholic Bibles include in the Old Testament also a small number of supplementary books, called deuterocanonical. The largest among them are the books Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach and the Wisdom of Solomon, stories about Tobit and Judith, as well as a description of the Maccabean rebellion, which avenges a lot of miraculous examples of martyrdom and makes Maccabees books. Tsі books were small among the Jews in the rest of the two centuries before the Rіzdva Christ and went up to the Septuagint - the Greek translation of the Holy Letter. The New Testament of writing is also my Greek; The first Christians mostly spoke Greek, and the stench was corrosived by the Septuagint as their Old Testament. Other canonical books did not reach the Jewish canon, compiled by the rabbis in Yamnia in 90 AD. Under the hour of the Reformation, which voted to turn to the standards of the Jewish Rabin canon, Other canonical books were included in translations of the Bible by national language; for example, it is not in Luther's Bible and in the English version of King James. That is why the Protestants call these books Apocryphal. And the Roman Catholic Church approved the status of these books as the Holy Letter at the Council of Trent (1545-1603). The stench is also recognized as a part of the Holy Letter in Orthodoxy. Now the stench is included to the greater current translations of the Bible.
The New Commandment includes several Gospels: in Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Three first, synoptic, gospels may be richly sleepy; the stench speaks of the life and confession of Jesus, his death and resurrection. Evangelism in the form of Ivan depicts the life of Christ as a mystical treasure of salvation. Part of the New Testament is the message of the apostles Paul, Peter, Jacob, John and others. The stench looks at the nourishment and morality of the Christian church of the first century of our land. Pavlo was the greatest of the apostles, and I should send a messenger to the Romans, first and another to the Corinthians, to the Galatians, to the Philipps, first to the Thessalonians, to Philemon. A number of other messages are also ascribed to the Apostle Paul, and the stench is defiantly observed in the same way. This is the messenger to the Ephesians, to the Colossians, the other is to Timothy, to Titus, to the Hebrews. The Day of the Apostles, which enters before the New Testament, is a milestone in the history of the Christian Church from the First Pentecost to the dearest of the Apostles Peter and Paul. The Apocalypse, or the Annunciation of John the Theologian, completes the zmist of the New Testament, - a verse about the end of the world that Friend of the Coming of Christ. All the books of the New Testament were written a century after the death of Jesus, although a decision about those books to be included in the New Testament, and which ones are not, was not accepted by the church until the IV century.
Islam is the third great monotheistic religion, which is the root of the faith of Abraham and the vchennya, which is richly connected with Judaism and Christianity. Islam will vote for Allah, the One God, the Creator, supreme and good, human history through the prophets, as if to pronounce the word of Allah. Islam embraces light positively as the creation of Allah and the place where people are guilty of moral behavior. Vіn vyznaє for a person is less than vibіr mіzh vіroy chi bezvir'yam, mizh God chi satan; fallow, depending on the choice, a person is consumed either to paradise, or to hellish fire.
In Islam, the intermediaries between Allah and people are the prophets, and Muhammad (570-632) is the "druk" of the prophets. Prophets: Adam, Nuh (Noah), Іbrahim (Abraham), Іsmail, Musa (Moses) and many others, vodomih and bezimenny, conveyed the word of God to people. The skin of them has its own mission, but keep them, in fact, keep the same: it is necessary to obey the will of God. Isa (Isus) - one of the prophets. Wanting to call him the Messiah, he wins a special monastic role to that sense, which is attributed to him by the Christians. And in yoga nature there is nothing divine. Yogo's messenger and yogo's cili were the same as in other prophets until the next. Mohammed, having gained the revelation of the sight of Allah, is the axis of a thorough eye for the prophets of any era.
Islam is a very practical religion, and a Muslim is guilty of compiling five obligations of language, the titles of Five Stovpami: 1) believe in Allah and Yogo Prophet Muhammad, 2) pray five times today at introductions for this hour, 3) fast for the month of Ramadan , 4) give alms and help the poor and 5) make a pilgrimage (hajj) at the sacred place - Mecca and the holy place - Kaaba. Seeing the given orders and often guessing Allah, a Muslim is accustomed to God's favoritism both on earth and at the Last Judgment.
The main writing of Islam is the Quran, dictated by the angel Djibril (Gabriel) to the prophet Muhammad, which, according to tradition, is unwritten. Jibril recited the verses of the Qur'an to Muhammad, and he immediately gave him his successors, as if they memorized them and wrote them down on the papyrus sheet and papyrus. The woons compiled the residual text of the Koran through generations after the death of the prophet. The Qur'an has 114 suras, which have been changed in order to change their dates. Adherents of Islam respect that the sacred essence of the Quran can only be touched by the Arabic and the translation into any language is not built to convey the sanctity of the Quran. Depending on the fact that the texts are recognized as trusting authoritative Crimea to the Koran, Islam is divided into two great lines: suniti and shiiti. Numerical creation of sufis, pavements are popular in the krai, there is no authority of sacred writing in Islam.
Suniti shanuyut Sunnah, vchennya Mohammed, based on the Hadith (vislovlyuvannya of the prophet himself and orders about the new one), selected and passed on to the companions of Mohammed. Most of the hadiths reveal the peculiarities of Muslim law, and some of them are attributed to the food of faith, morality and eschatology. Six great rulers of the Sunni are respected: Bukhari, Muslim, Abu-Davud, Tirmidkhi, an-Nasai and ibts-Majah; Bukhari and Muslim are the most authoritative. The choice of texts in Ilm al-Hadis is determined by the criteria for the reliability of retellings, classifying them as "healthy", "good", "weak" or "nemichny". Collections of Bukhara and Muslim and a series of secondary collections of hadiths, based on six compilations, translated by an English language. The most miraculous among them is a small selection of retellings of the "Forty Hadiths in an-Nawawi", which at once opposes its concise versatility, which subtly conveys the essence of Muslim spirituality. Another retelling more authoritative for Islam, see in the reference anthology, is Muhammad's biography "Sirat Rasul Allah", compiled by ibn-Ishak and passed down to us by the editorial office of ibn-Hisham's yogo study.
The Shiite tradition in Islam may have its own collection of hadiths, as they seem to be, even if not rich, in the Sunite collections, but the stench may have less authority among the Shiites, and the Sunnah among the Sunites, but we can’t do it right. More and more shanuvannya shanuvanna Ali (pom. 661), Muhammad's son-in-law, who became the fourth caliph and ruled over Muslims for seven years until his martyr's death. Ali vvazhayut thoroughly a Muslim, and yogo propovіdі that vyslovlyuvannya to establish the collection of "Nahjul Balagha", like for shiїtіv є sacred writings, which is worth once following the Qur'an.

The founder of Zoroastrianism is the prophet Zarathushtra(close to 1000 BC). Being one of the main religions of ancient Persia, Zoroastrianism has slid into Christianity and Islam. Despite its significance in the history of religions, at the same time Zoroastrianism is no more like an anachronism. After revisiting that migration from Iran, the Zoroastrian community had less than a hundred thousand Parsi, more than a few bags of them in India on the outskirts of Bombay.
Contemporary Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion. Yogo prikhnili shanuyut one God Ahura-Mazda, Lord of Wisdom, the archangels of Good Rozum, Justice, Vіddanіst, Volodarstvo and other. The symbol of God is fire, which sits in the central place of the Zoroastrian ritual. Zoroastrianism propagates an ethical dualism: between the good God and the forces of evil, there is a constant battle; The soul is immortal, and after death, the body of the skin is taken down to its earthly rights. But the forces of good and evil are not equal: for example, God and Truth will always overcome. Good life is associated with cleanliness, honesty, pragmatism and kindness towards people.
The sacred writings of Zoroastrianism are the Avesta. In the middle of the її books, the main liturgical text is Yasna. The core of Yasni is to become gati - hymns, composed by Zaragushtra himself and his closest successors; the stench is approved 28-34, 43-51, 53 chapters of Yasni and lie in the basis of the Zoroastrian cult. Other books of the Avesti: Videvdad - collection of clear laws; Visparad - the selection of ritual prayers to all spiritual entities and Yashti - to avenge the Zoroastrian epic literature. In the reference anthology of the land there are fragments from the gat.
Hindu religious tradition does not lend itself to a short description. Acts of flow in her may have monist character and make all reality divine. Others shilyayutsya to dualism and razumіyut reality as a vision of the divine Spirit (Purusha) and cob material nature (prakriti). Others are close to monotheism and shun a special God, others worship God, who has no names, no forms, and may be rich in names and forms. The Hindu can worship God at the sight of Krishni chi Shivi, or practice unity with the unspecified Brahman, but all one will be placed before them as symbols that reflect the Vision Reality. Ale and the Vedantist, for whom Reality is completely besosobova, and the chanel of the goddess Durga knows the obstruction of his views in the quiet writings themselves. The Rig Veda says: "Truth is one, but the one who knows, calls riches by names."
If you still try to see the deep visions of the practical arrangements of the different ones directly in Hinduism, then the stench, ymovirno, will be offensive: 1) Brahman, or the Greatest Reality, and singularities, and non-specialities, and manifests itself in rich forms; 2) wine is touched for the help of rich paths (marg): knowledge (jnana-yoga), knowledge (bhakti-yoga) and dії (karma-yoga); 3) these wise men will fully realize them, as if they reach the unity of harmony with Reality. 4) From the other side, create that phenomenal life of the world - Timchasov and incomplete; stench prikhovuyut zagalnu Truth that way to її reach. 5) The skin Hindu podіlyaє vchennya about karma, zgіdno z yakim for the skin thought, in a word and dієyu sіduє vіdplata, oskolki all to rule the moral law and find justice to the cosmos; and also 6) a statement about reincarnation, as if it were understood as a sum of wrapping around the stake of post-suffering suffering, or as an impersonal series of years, in order to improve the individual pregnancy. Main's unevenness, that part of the human skin is interpreted as diya karmis, and not as a result of God's activity. The Hindu also recognizes: 7) the authority of the Vedas; 8) traditions of family life and suspіlnogo life with їх chotirma steps (learning, housewife, spiritual shukacha ts.aske-ta), as if to frighten all the spiritual progress and spiritual goodness; 9) Chotiri of life: vikonannya religious bondage (dharma), success in life (artha), contentment (kama), freedom of the soul (moksha); 10) the ideality of the suspensory arrangement, embedded in the caste system, the law of the power of vikonat. Numerically, that school of Hinduism, for a rare vinnyatka, shares all the numbers of rice. Those Indian denominations, and Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism themselves, like deyak s tsikh rice, are also reminiscent of Hinduism.
The Hindu tradition, which has a thousand sprats, has created impersonal sacred writings. The most ancient and authoritative secrets (shruti): Lead (sacred knowledge), Brahmani, Aranyakas and Upanishads.
Є chotiri Vedi: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda; the stench was transmitted orally from generation to generation for three thousand years. Lead the folds at the vіrshah and venerate hymns, ritual formulas, sing and sing prayers. The very beginning of the method of traditional Vedic sleep was preserved in the integrity of most Vedic myths. A lot of hymns addressed to the deifying forces of nature, as if they were conscious as to manifest cosmic truth. Some people have a ritual of waving somi and sacrificing a horse. Modern Indian hoch and rіdko, ale vikonuє tsі rituals. The correct understanding of the ancient Vedas shows that the stink of taking revenge on all the main elements of Hindu knowledge.
Brahmani - tse prozve addition to the Vediva. From whom I have seen two of them are quoted: Shatapatha Brahmana and Tandyamaha Brahmana.
There are 108 Upanishads, folded at different times (from 900 to 200 BC); the stench is dedicated to these other places of Ved chi Aranyak. Etymologically, the word "upanishad" means "a seated hand"; in the texts of the Upanishads there are philosophical and mystical vchennya, like the ancient sages spoke, if they sat in their honed studies. Shankari's comments (room 750 r. n.e.) see eleven head Upanishads: Isha, Kena, Katha, Prashnya, Mundaka, Manduk'ya, Aitreya, Taittiriya, Chandog'ya, Brihadaranyaka and Shvetashvatara. Whoever has saved up to them and Maitri Upanishads is rich. Acts of the Upanishads, for example, Shvetashvatara, can be interpreted in a monotheistic soul, shards can be read to the minds of a special God, but still the main trend of the Upanishads is the reflection of Reality with a special Brahman unity with the Atman, or the Universal Special, live near the skin heart. Upanishad to begin, scho zvіlnennya - ce rozumіnnya in the self of the Atman in case of vіdmі vіd vlasnoї sobistostі, yak otоnjuєєєєє z psihofizichіchnimu organіzm, yoga zhitєdіyalnіstyu аnd passions.

Of the sacred writings of Hinduism, the Bhagavad Gita is the most widely known. The song of Bhagavan was written a century before our time, and one of the books of the epic Mahabharati. Prote the authority and infusion of the Bhagavad Giti so that the meaning of the Upanishads is reversed. Її navіt is called "the reference Bible of India". With its pathos of self-serving, the Bhagavad Gita was the main inspiration for Mahatmi Gandhi. Looming richly sleepy with the ancient Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita also shows a sprinkling of paths for reaching the greater goal of life. And yet, she voted the vchennya maє monotheistic character: vіddanіst (bhaktі) is the best way to reach God and come to God's mercy.
Other, unknown Hindu texts, which they approve sacred tradition(Smrіti), mayut lesser authority, lower shruti. Before them one can see the great epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Let's sing scenes to the skin of an Indian schoolboy, stink like a dzherel for the plot themes of folk dramas and manifestations. The Ramayana tells the story of Rami, who is the avatar (incarnation) of Vishnu, and his warriors of the City, magnifying family clothes, like a nautical place, which establishes the order and prosperity. Rama can't help but listen to his father, if you want to let that kingdom go and settle in the forest. Then, if the evil demon Ravana has defeated Situ, Rama is guilty of going through an impersonal trial, the docks remake Ravan and turn his squad. The full honesty of the City is manifested in the fact that at the same time with Rama I go to the vineyard, and then, at the fullness of Ravani, we firmly strive for sensuality. Mahabharata speaks about hromada war of the Kaurava clan, we are angry with Duryodhana and yoga assistant Karna, against the Pandavas, who enchant Arjuna and Krishna. Krishna, like Rama, is an avatar of Vishnu, wanting to be able to see, and all the weaknesses of a person. Ale in the eleventh division of Bhagavadgiti vin reveals to Arjuna his transcendental existence. We sing such high honor, like masculinity, veracity and truthfulness.
The second group of texts of the Smrit is the choice of dharmas (obov'yazkiv, or laws) for the members of the society. "Law Manu" - the most common of them. We are also included in the collection of heroes from the selections of Narada, Vasishtha, Vishnu and Apashtamba. By placing in the anthology okremі zakoni їх, ukladachi pragnuli included those sparnі materials, as if they were brought to the caste system. Regardless of the Vedic adventures of varnashrama-dharmi, the caste system, which is evolving, is like rice to Hinduism, like the majority of modern Hindu reformers and intellectuals. "All-world writing" strives for its own purpose, and for itself - emphasizes respect for the positive aspects of religious values.
Purani are the middle collections of laws, history and philosophical philosophies, which mainly reflect more old writings and, at the same time, illustrate them with specific plots and butts. The stench may be a great influx on the national religion of modern India. The largest of them is Shrimad Bhagavatam. or the Bhagavata Purana, which describes the life of Krishna, yoga, childish deeds and love to the miraculous shepherds. This text occupies the central place in Vishnuism. Another writing to Vishnuism, Vishnu Purana, to avenge the prophecy about Kalka, the future avatar. Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana and Linga Purana are writings of Shaivism. The Garuda Purana and the Matshya Purana include a description of sweat and manifestations of diy karmi in the share of a good person. The Marcandey Purana includes a story about the king, who sings bod-hisattva, as well as a description of the victory of the goddess Durga, a popular Hindu deity. Knowing the impersonal other Puranas, the deacons continue to write down at the given hour. The stench adds to the vinyatkovuy diversity of religious texts in India.
Tantri is the core of religious practice. Tantrism, like Hindu, and Buddhist, victorious yoga technique, symbolic rituals and transmutation of addictions from the subdue of all addictions with a path to ototozhnennya itself with the Greater Realnistyu. This remains of rice has created a scandalous reputation for tantricism as a victorious orgiastic rites, wanting to be true in theory whether it is a proper tantric practice, as it is necessary to motivate the mind to become addicted to total ascetic self-control. Hindu tantrism of representations from the right person Kularnava Tantra.
Indian philosophers, saints and poets created great literature, which goes beyond the scope of our anthology, which surrounds their interest with writings. We may have commented on the sutras and comments before them, which belong to the six classical philosophical schools (darshanam): Vedanta (Brahma Sutra Badarayani and comments before it by Shankari, Ramanuji and Madhvi), yoga (Yoga Sutra of Patanjali), Sankh, Nyaam, Vai . These texts are dedicated to special nourishment of philosophy; the truth is, the religious context of these systems is mainly based on the Vedas and the Upanishads, from which they draw a lot of stench.
We also could not add a lot of literature of middle-class ascetics, they hung their love to Shivi or Vishnu in dances, sings and love songs by the mamas of rich states in India. At Tamil-nadu, Nayana-ri spawned Shiva, and Alvari - Vishnu. Among the poets who wrote in Hindi, most famously Kabir, whose poetry is permeated with the concepts of Hinduism, and the ideas of Islamic Sufis, has become an authoritative body of truth for all Indians; Okremі vіrshi Kabira can be used in the texts of Sikhіv. Among the other poets are Tulsidas, who wrote the version of Ramayani in Hindi, and Jayadeva, whose Sanskrit poem "Gita Govinda" describes the loves of Radha and Krishna; її widely vicorist at the temple dances. Krіm them and at the same time numerous ascetics continue to bend in new forms that very tradition of Hinduism. From the special flows of Hinduism, there were traces of lingayativs near Karnataka, a province on the western border of India, leading with their signs to the viruvannyakh and the reformist spirit. Rukh Virashaiva, founded by Basavanna (XII century AD), will block the caste system, block the authority of the Vedas, speak out against the image of the gods and teach a special religion, close to monotheism, which does not require a temple or a clergy. Like a written stench, shun religious pisnespiv - vachani.
Sikhism is a monotheistic religion, the number of shanuvalniks is approaching in a given hour up to twenty million. Won to read the confession to God and block hisism, vvazhayuchi for the necessary reason for a good life. Sikhism is clearly a young religion. Vinik from the Punjabi pivnich from India from the XV century under the infusion of Guru Nanak (1469-1539). Nanak and his followers, the chotiri gurus, began to put an end to the differences between Hindus and Muslims, as well as between castes, propagating that only inner purity in service to God (and not high social status) is for God the world's specialness. Kozhen from these gurus acted as a reformer in his community: an Indian among Hindus, a Muslim among Muslims. I want to reform their religions, stench for us as the founders of an independent religion. Under the yoke of peresleduvan sikhism under kerivnitstvom tsikh five gurus rose up among the mіtsnu religious community with their own model of behavior and form of robe.
Create five first gurus five gurus Arjun Dev united in Adi-Granth. The tenth guru, Gobind Singh, having called the end of the tradition of the guru and voiced that Adi-Granth - and є Guru Granth Sahib, tobto. the ever-living guru. From that hour, Guru Granth became the object of the greatest shanuvannya and the core of sacred inspiration. For the Sikhs, the vin has the greatest authority.
Adi-Granth - a selection of compositions, grouped by ragi - musical models, for which stench they sing. The text in Punjabi may be standard pagination, assigned to which guru should belong to the next verse: ML indicates on the verse, as written by Guru Nanak, M.2 - Guru Angad, M. 3 - Guru Amar Das, M.4 - Guru Ram Das, M.5 - Guru Arjun Dev, M.9 - Guru Tegh Bahadur. Adi-Granth also includes verses of Hindu and Muslim poets, such as Kabir, Ravidas, Surdas, Farid and Ramanand.
Jainism is the religion of ten million Indians with its sacred texts, history and significant philosophical tradition. Jainism, although it is part of the great Indian culture, but, like Buddhism, belongs to the non-Vedic religious tradition, which opposes the authority of the Vedas, Upanishads and other writings of Hindus and does not recognize Hindu deities. Driven by its extreme asceticism, Jainism has plunged into Indian culture most importantly through its doctrine of ahimsi, tobto. non-infliction of shkodi to all living things. Jain's thought suvoro dorimuetsya vchennya about karma, zgіdno s sobistіst obov'yazkovo suzhdatima and їy vyddas for all її zlі do it. It is the duty of specialness to make yourself free from the path of karmi, having given asceticism a home, and, having corrected yourself, overcome all violence on the right, in words and thoughts. Whether or not addiction gives rise to violence, and it will be the result of the karma of a stray witness, like a trace of being sucked. Jainism does not recognize God the Creator as a special God; skin specialty to wear one's ability to reach perfection and become Paramatman, tobto. soul, free to see the lands of the karma, to reach the greatest point of the universe.
Qiu thorough knowledge of Mahavir, birth of Nataputta Vardhamana (599-527 BC). Vin becoming a Tirthankara. - Knew Brid, that Shlyakh saw it to the brink. The elder companion of Buddhi, Mahavira, is respected by the twenty-fourth Tirthankara, the tradition of which is to pervert with the Vedic Rishabhadeva. Folk Jainism respects Mahavira as a treasure of divine grace, which gives the cult a special connection, although in general this element is present in the philosophy of Jainism.
Jainism is divided into two straight lines depending on the type of diet: it is permissible or unacceptable to wear robes: shvetambari wear clothes, and digambari completely nudity, and the skin group is forced to practice Mahavir himself.
The canon of Jain writings (agamas) originates from the prayers of Mahaviri, the titles of Purvi and the records of my ancient ardhamagadhi. The most recent of them, however, have been used, and to that two Jain communities created different canons from the collections of texts, which they saved, written in Prakrit and Sanskrit.
Zgіdno z shvetambarami, tsі pisannya folded z dvoh hіlok (anga) and 34 additional texts (angabakhya). The first gilka is tse Akarangasutra, in which there are rules for chentsiv and blueberries, as well as the most authoritative biography of Mahaviri. Sutrakritanga is a friend of the Gilk, won't take revenge on the Jain doctrines, formulated for an hour of dispute with other Hindu and early Buddhist teachings. The middle angabahya is the largest in the Uttaradhyayana sutra, which represents an anthology of dialogues and povchan, which is respected by the command of Mahaviri, and the Kalpa sutra, which avenges the biographies of the Jains. Other texts of the Shvetambara canon: Upasakadasanga Sutra, Dashavaikalika Sutra and Nandi Sutra.
Dіgambari, yakі vvazhayut, scho scho Purva vtracheno, zachyuyut the authenticity of Shvetambari writings. To a small number of ancient Purvas that have been spared, the stinks add to the great number of scholastic roses (anuyoga). These roses and clarifications are approved by the writings of the Digambara tradition. Among them - create Kundakundi (1st century AD): "Samayasara", "Niyamasa-ra", "Pravachanasara" and "Panchastikaya"; "Anupreksha" Kartikeyi (II century AD) and "Samadhisataka" Puyapadi (VI century AD). "Tattvarthasutra" Umasvati (II century AD) - the whole system of the Jain verse, was written in the form of aphorisms, similar to the style of the sutras of the Hindu Vedanta. Digambari's comments before it include Puyapadi's "Sarvarthasiddhi", Akalanka's "Tattvartharajavartika" (VIII century AD) and Vidyananda's "Tattvarthaslokavartika" (IX century AD). "Tattvarthasutra" is recognized as authoritative, in truth, in a different way, like digambari, so shvetambari. The second commentary, which denounces the insults of the sect, is the "Sanmatitarka" of Siddhaseni (5th century AD), a treatise based on logic, which brings the naturalness of the one-hour reasoning of different points of view to reality. Fragments of Purv, which have been preserved, are supplemented by the same comments, like "Gomattasara" by Nemichandri (950 r. n.e.) and "Jayadhavala" by Viraseni (820 r.e.). The legends and biographies of the saints have gone up to the "Adipurani" of Jinaseni (IX century AD); їhis merits go back to "Dvat-rіmshika" Siddhaseni. "Aptamimamsa" by Samantabadhri (5th century AD) avenges the philosophical argumentation of Jainism about perfection, omniscience and purity. Mulachara Vattakeri (II century AD) - these black rules are close to the rules of "Akarangasutri", and Samantabadhri's "Ratnakarandasravaka Chara" avenges ethical guidance for the laity. This perelіk practically vycherpuє create anuyogi, fragments of which are found in someone's eyes. Among the non-canonical passages, we included a copy of urivkiv from "Nitivak'yamrita" by Somadevi (X century AD), a classic of Jain poetry.
Buddha, born Siddhartha Gautama(581-501 BC), having lived in India, Buddhism prospered for fifteen hundred years, and most Buddhist sacred texts were written. Buddhism is formed from impersonal schools, united by two great branches: Theravadh Buddhism (which is called "Khinayana, or the Small Kolіsnitsa") in Sri-Lanzi and in Pivdenno-Skhіdnіy Asia, and Mahayani Buddhism, extensions in Tibet, Mongolia, China Korea and Japan. Shards of Buddhism were practically ignorant from India, two of them developed independently after that until our time.
Theravadichny Buddhism - Veil of the Elders- Sterzhuє, scho saved the peace of mind of Buddhi. He propagates the ideal of the arahant (Sanskrit - Arhat), the truth that the blessings of his paths and passions have reached. Meta volition, Nibbana (Skt. - Nirvana), can be reached by the path of self-purification and the correct understanding of Dhami (Skt. - Dharma), revealed in Chotiryoh Noble Truths: 1) every reason - tse suffering (dukkha): , and vіdokremlіnі vіd vіd scho podobєєєєє us; 2) this suffering is inevitable after our pragnennya to the foundation and experience of the bajannya (tanhu) we tried for the sake of understanding that mind; 3) the suffering is inflicted from the vіdmovoy vіd bazhan and pragnen; 4) the way to inflict suffering is the Nobility's Eightfold Way. Tsey way up to the order of the vimagaє postіynykh take it right; Vіn do not convey any divine caresses.
It is more important for ascetic practice, which by itself can lead less to pardoning a sense of pride, rozuminnya that "I" is unreal; it is only an illusion, generated by the minds of reason, and (like a body) impermanent. If there is no “I”, then there is no God in the sensi Buttya, with which you can otozhnit your Self (similar to the Hindu Atman). Buddhism is to bring Hindu deities to the level of spirits, as if in their past lives they were people and in a songful hour to be born again, for the stench has not sprung yet. Way of Chance, which is guided by the worldly links, spryya to the most visible reach of the greater mark. The laity also follow their own path, the truth is less high, just to live morally and think about the Chents. True, in the Theravada tradition, saints and laity have reached the highest levels of meditation and have become a whole lot of enlightenment.
Theravadic sacred texts written fell into my pivnіchno-zahіdnoї Іndії; in the world, the expansion of Buddhism fell into becoming my Buddhist chentsi in Pivdenny Asia. The canon of sacred texts in Theravadi is called Tipitaka (Skt. - Tripitaka), or Three Cats, subdivided by the coming rank: Vina Pitaka - choose laws and orders for chentsiv; Suta pitaka - mirkuvannya and dialogues of Buddhi; Abhidhamma pitaka - scientific and philosophical treatises. Most of the fragments of Tipaqi in this anthology are taken from the books of another cat - Sutta pitaka.
The most widely quoted text in the middle is Dhammapada, or the Highest of Justice. Like a book of basic idioms about Buddhist rules of behavior and ethics, Dhammapada is called the twin of Bhagavad Giti. Vaughn is the main text of the training of schoolchildren in the countries, de extensions of Theravadi Buddhism. The second main text is tse Khuddaka Patha, abo Short Rozdil; tse prayer book for the laity, which includes a simple catechism, ordering that order. Three other most important books to avenge the material, to go all the way to Buddhi, tse Sutta Nipata, Udana ta Itivitaka. The stench is made up of short, often rational speeches of Buddhi about the ways of freedom, about those, how to get into self-control in life, zaboboni and traditionalism. The-ragatha and Therigatha at the tops describe the first chants and blueberries, and Petavatthu avenge stories about ghosts of that spirit. Stink at once with the other fifteen books to become divided (no) Sutta pitaki, which is called Khuddaka Nikaya. For the rest of the day, the texts are put together, which enter at the feet: Digha Nikaya, as it is a dovg, a good book of peace; Majdhima Nikaya - the mirkuvannya of the middle days about the stagnation of the Buddhist ceremony, or dhami; Samyutta Nikaya - order for the practical life of a Buddhist; Anguttara Nikaya - arithmetically arranged world order.
Krіm palіyskoї Typіtaki іsnuyut napіvkanonіchі texts from a wide range of topics: Jataki - stories about the early life of Buddhi; Vishuddhimagga, or the Path of Purification of Buddhaghosa; and also the Nutrition of King Milindi, in which the conversation of the king of the Hellenistic Menander (Milindi; II century BC) and the Buddhist sage Nagaseni is performed. We also wrote down the traditional biography of Buddhi - "Buddhacharita" by Ash-Vaghoshi (100 r.e.). Anagatavamsa prophesies the coming of the future Buddha.
Mahayani Buddhism - Great Chariot- subdivided into anonymous schools, skin from some of my own sacred texts. The teachings of these schools are based on the basic provisions of Theravadic Buddhism, including the doctrines about the non-butt of the Self, how to lie in the nature of worldly reality. And more schools of the Mahayani know the eternal Transcendental Reality, Suchness (Tathata), Truth, or the Law, which is cherished by the Cosmos. For the enlightened one, everything should be avenged by seeing the truth; in human nature, the Nature of Buddhi, pure Svіdomіst, as if it were opening on the way to become a Buddhi. Suchness does not mean the God-Creator in roman western religions; From the point of view of the Buddhists, the word "God" is overly loaded with additional meanings, taken from other traditions, to help to understand Buddhism. It dawned on me that Mahayani Buddhism avenges the Vision of Reality and mercy, which are the same in the doctrines of the Theravada school.
In addition, Mahayana Buddhism promotes the ideal of a bodhisattva, a person endowed with great pity, as if he devotes himself to the freedom of all other things. The presence of the real Self means that it is connected and inseparable, to which the order of the individual is indistinguishable from a slightly sympathetic to other istot. The third example of Mahayani Buddhism belongs to those who are great bodhisattvas, such traces are put as symbolic manifestations of wisdom, morality, mercy and sympathy Buddhi. The people of these bodhisattvas sway like spiritual benefactors. Kuan Yin (Jap. - Kannon; Skt. - Avalokiteshvara), Buddha Amitabha, Samantabhadra, and other Buddhas and bodhisattvas are shaking among folk Buddhism, until they wail about the mercy of that help.
The majestic Mahayanese collection of texts written in Sanskrit and folded into Chinese and Tibetan Triplets. Skin from school of Mahayana Buddhism is inspired by the best canonical writings, supplemented by texts of the founders of the school. Irrespective of the difference between the schools, all the stinks substantiate the fundamental basis of the faith of that practice, and to that in the writings of the past there are a lot of fluctuations. Most of the Mahayanists also recognize the authority of the texts of the Pali canon.
The Lotus Sutra (Saddharma Pundarika Sutra) is seen among the most famous Mahayani texts. Vaughn to avenge the vchennya about the One Kolіsnitsa, as if they were saying that, regardless of the peculiarities of sects and practical paths in Buddhism, all the truths of the vreshti-resht will not be able to reach the Buddha. The Lotus Sutra has a vchennya about the eternal cosmic Buddha, whose richness and all-season mercy є zherel poryatunku. Moreover, the salvation is extended to all those who believe in the sutra - such a pidkhid to the point of faith allows the deakim Christian scholars to reproach the Lotus Sutra with the gospel. The Lotus Sutra has a particularly important meaning in the Chinese school of tiantai (Jap. - Tendai) and in a number of Japanese sects, which were based on the Nichiren sect (1222-1282).
Buddhists of the Pure Land School, until the schools of Yodo Shu, founded by Honen, and Yodo Shinshu, founded by Shinran, are seen in Japan, bind God's mercy on Buddha Amitabha (also called Buddha Amida), the Buddha of the Infinite Light, who lingers in Zahidny Paradise (Sukhavati). I'm hoping for a sacred mercy, as they don't care about human rights, as if they are respected by the form of hisism, chimo Lutheranism. The writings of the Pure Land school are composed of two Sukhavativyuha sutras, which describe the life of Buddhi Amitabha to lead all people to the Pure Land, and the treatise "Looking at Buddhi Amitabha" ("Amitayur Dhyana Sutra").
The Namista Sutra (Awatamsaka Sutra) is a writing of the Chinese Huayan school (Jap. - Kegon). This is a great collection, which is distinguished by rich images and a wide range of different ideas. In that number, the following should be designated as follows: Buddha is accepted as a cosmic principle, as a manifest principle, representing Enlightenment by itself; all speeches, reasons, and traces of mutual dependence and mutual understanding, and there is no trace of marveling at them like a zokrema; the way of the bodhisattva is interpreted as the passage of the ten steps of the knowledge of the inner light and the ability to speak to all other istots. The thirty-ninth book of Sutri Namista - the Gandavyuha Sutra - is sometimes considered an independent creation.
Sutri wisdom (prajnaparamita) to achieve good vibes. Before them enter the various sutras: in the Sutri Sertsya (Prajnaparamita-hrida sutra), as it takes less than one side, up to the great sutras in 18, 25 and 100 thousand verses. The most important early and important of all similar creations is "The Steadiness of Wisdom in 8 Thousand Rows" (Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra), as it reveals the vchennya about the Emptiness (shunyata) and the way of the Bodhisattva, which goes into the "permanence of wisdom. to six wisdoms" Ale naivіdomіsha Wisdom Sutra - tse, obviously, the Diamond Sutra (Vajracchhedіka Prajnaparamіta Sutra). Її short paradoxical words, which put the ultimate logic at the deaf corner, lead to the deepest understanding of the Void.
Pose tsієyu tradition vinikli meditative(Chinese - Chan; Japanese - Zen) schools of Buddhism, which are subdivided into ti, yakі to start step-by-step enlightenment (Japanese school of soto-zen), і tі, yakі to talk about the possibility of mittevu enlightenment, - the school of rindzai, which became the start of Suzuki Daisetzu popular on Zakhodі. In Ch'an Buddhism, having added Taoist naturalism, which in Japan was supplemented by Zen practice and the Zen way of life. The Chinese classical version of Ch'an Buddhism to revenge Sutra Huinen, also called the Sutra of the Platform of the Sixth Patriarch, as written by the sixth patriarch of the Huinen school (638-713 pp ..), The head of the church about the mitteva of enlightenment. The main thought of the sutri is the sameness of the calmness of the skin specificity with the nature of Buddha. Zen Buddhists, like spreading the word about the mitte of enlightenment, zastosovuyut koan. The koan is a short, paradoxical way of speaking, like reading the Void through those that put witness in a deaf kut, which stuns learning to look at the Reality. Learning can know the way to the Truth only for additional intuition, but not logic, and then you need to correct your penetration (Jap. - Satori), which will show yoga to the Enlightenment of Buddha. The reference anthology includes fragments from a selection of koaniv, known as Mumon-kan, or "Outpost without gates". Tse commentary to a group of forty-eight koans, selected by Wu-Men Hui-Ka (Jap. - Mumon Ekai) from the Chinese Song dynasty. Lankavatara Sutra - Philosophical dzherelo for more Zen doctrines; vot to read that the pardon has been applied to the subject and the object is blamed for the fact that the present filth is accumulating in the presence; really all the memory of the day is empty; stink - no more, lower create our svіdomosti.
A compendium of Buddhist teachings, there are few references at Sunset, and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra, the main theme of which is the nature of Buddhi, is completely sane and expands its influx into the world that passes. Greater view of the "Sacred Vespers of Vіmalakіrtі", de bod-hisattva-layman to bring, scho vіn vshchy, nizh usі sbor of the greatest teachings of Buddhi, and міє more supernatural forces, nizh stinks. To read this text, that, living in the world, I can fully practice becoming a Buddha, for being in the world does not mean being worldly. This is close to Nagarjuni's statement about the identity of samsari and nirvani. In other words, nirvana is not a goal;
In the Surangam Sutra, the Buddha instructs one teaching that, having fallen into chivalry, how to control knowledge and in such a rank protrude to Enlightenment. In "Levin's Rick of Queen Shrimala" a faithful laywoman shows a deep understanding, if one reads about the Peace of Mind, as a matter of fact, she is relieved of the captivity. "Sutra of the Golden Light" ("Suvarnaprabhasottama"), popular in Japan, dedicated to political theory. "Sutra forty-two divisions" is a popular ethical tvir inspired by Theravadi ideas. "Sikshasamukkaya", or "Compendium is right", is a collection of Mahayana sutras, folded by Shantideeva.
In Tibet, there are great teachers of Mahayana Buddhism: Nagarjuna, Shantideva, Aryadeva, Vasubandhu, Dharmakirti and others sway like great bodhisattvas, and among the Buddhists of Tibet, they quote them like the Holy Scriptures. In Tibet, there are also practitioners of the founders of some of the traditions of Buddhism in Tibet: Gyalwa Longchenpi, Shakya Panditi, Mila-repi and Lami Tsonghawi.
"All-Light writings" includes fragments and less authoritative works, especially from "Mulamadhyamika-Karika" and "Dear Namist" by Nagarjuni and "Kerivnitska v bodhisattva way of life" ("Bid-hisattvachar'yavatara") by Shantidevi. Nagarjuna used a miraculous logic, which gave fundamental philosophical insights about Shunyat and about the identity of samsari and nirvani. Pratsya Shantidevi shows the ethics of a goal-directed bodhisattva, who lives in the world, which does not bother, and with which to do good for others.
Tibetan Buddhism includes both the orthodox Mahayani doctrine and the esoteric Vajrayani doctrine with tantric rituals. Tantric practice, like in Hinduism, victorious yoga technique, symbolic rituals and transmutation of addictions, to direct them to ototozhnennia z Higher Reality. Some of the known fragments from the Hevajra Tantri, Kalachakra Tantri and Guhyasamaya Tantri, as well as the "Tibetan Book of the Dead" ("Bardo Thedol"), are instructed, in order to make recommendations for the soul in the її mandrіvtsі in the sweating world.
The religious world of China can only be described as a fluent change of impersonal streams. The primary religion, which is characteristic of the ancestors' shanuvannya that pragnennya found harmony with the forces of nature, was supplemented, on the one hand, by the ethical shrines of Confucianism, and on the other hand, by the mystical ideals of Taoism. Buddhism, which penetrated from China, after a small conflict between the knowledge of harmony with ancient Chinese traditions. It can be said that the traditional Chinese spirit is tse sumish Three Teachings (san jiao): Confucianism in the spheres of enlightenment of ethics; Taoism for a special Enlightenment, like to overwhelm neither bidi nor failure; Buddhism is deferred until death, and that potoybіchchya is an addition to the traditional sacrifices that are offered to the dead members of this family and the spirits of nature. Such zahіdnі vіrovchennya іdeologiії, іkі vplyvayut іn China, and christianity і komіnіzm, practically angry with yogo rich tradition. Various Chinese religious traditions are closely intertwined in the souls of the Chinese, which, perhaps, would be wrong to consider Confucianism and Taoism as independent religions, so you should sound roar at the Sunset.
Confucianism is the whole system, as it takes care of its own ethical food, declaring family values ​​and rules for managing a state. It also includes the traditional Chinese ancestor cult and the latest creations of the cult of Confucius, who is considered the patron of the enlightenment of that culture. Confucius himself (Kun-ji, 551-479 BC) was a reformer, who tried to give a humanistic character social life traditions. Vin sponed by his own Scientific Driantas to the Ideal Shanoblivosti, Yaki VIN "Rosumii Jacques Schuzini, noble, il pydnesen. ) Rule) and may be widely known in culture. More for all wines, humaneness (women) is shown to their relatives, friends and acquaintances. buti motivated by a deep kohanny.
The legislator is guilty of the mother of honesty brought by the people and to rule mainly for the help of his butt, and not for the sake of force. The type of the emperor, who spires on the primus, does not hesitate to name. The government, as if not supporting the people, is exercising the Mandate of Heaven and is thrown off; Tse Might be true for the revolution.
The canonical writings of Confucianism - five classical treatises and the four books. Five classic treatises, with rare vintations, - all ancient dzherela, as if tying Confucius himself, from such wines he drew his primordial and thus gave his own interpretative assessment. The Book of Songs (Shi Ching) includes ritual odes, love songs and songs that describe the life of ancient Chinese rulers from the 10th to the 7th centuries. BC The "Book of History" ("Shu Ching") is composed of promos and decrees of the early Zhou (1122-722 BC), which basically lie before the reign of Confucian cultural heroes: kings Wen and Wu and Prince Zhou. "Annals of spring and autumn" ("Chun qiu") - the chronicle of the kingdom of Lu. "The Book of Rituals" ("Li tszi") is a collection of materials related to rituals and social forms that are close to them, which reflect the reconciliation, which conform to the rules of social and ritual decency and the outward expression of internal honesty and honesty.
"The Book of Changes" ("I Ching") is respected as canonical, as in Confucianism, so in Taoism, but from the number of old-fashioned versions, only the version with Confucian comments is included up to the Five Classical Treatises. "І tsіn" is traditionally victorious for fortune-telling, but comments before it remind oracles of Confucian values. Cosmology Yin-Yang and "I Ching" lie at the basis of metaphysics, as the followers of Confucianism and Taoists know. Taoist assistants punish victorists with the "I Ching" as a helper of fortune-telling, meditation and spiritual growth and as the basis for medicine, the painting of that Viysk mysticism.
The Four Books of the Neo-Confucian Teachings of Chen I (1032-1107). Together with the commentary of Zhu Xi (ІЗО-1200) the Four Books establishes the Confucian orthodox standard as the basis of traditional Chinese education. The Four Books include: "Rozmovi i vyslovluvannya" (Lun yu) - a collection of aphorisms of Confucius himself; "Great vchennya" (Yes-sue) - the main text of the food of enlightenment; "Vchennya about the Middle" (Chzhun-yun) - a philosophical interpretation of the Confucian thought; tvir Men-ji (372-289 pp. e.) - the greatest successor of Confucius.
As an addition to the Five Classical Treatises and the Four Books, we included in the anthology fragments from the "Practice of Sinic Shanobility" and a number of fragments in the biography of Confucius from the classic treatise of Chinese historiography "Shi Ji", the author of which is Sima Qian (145-85 BC. . e.).
Taoist vchennya yak bi dopovnyu Confucianism, speaking importantly about freedom and calmly simple nature of particularity, pure social minds, which is directed against the energy forces of confucianism to form a suspіlstvo on the authority's eye and this exercise to give especially important meaning to social norms and ethical forms. Two traditions keep the balance, adding one to the other, like summer that winter, man that woman's cob(yang and yin). A Confucian sovereign person wholly destroys himself in the rural world and knows there satisfaction in the natural aesthetics, embodied by Taoism.
Taoism to teach, the way to good fortune to lie through the teaching of people to the mass norms, and through the implementation of these norms for the achievement of the natural camp. Taoist sages practice the mystical identity with the great vision of nature, without the special Tao, as if reaching for additional meditation and trance. With the attainment of unity with nature, that її Tao sage allows the name of the form, let's forgive, and, although it is paradoxical, nabuvaєde, it is possible to translate it as "chesnota" or "strength". Have become a baidikuvannya (u-vei) of wines at the reach of everything, if you want to get close to nature and wake up to your peaceful Self. Inheriting human understanding, striving by force to achieve some kind of result, only practicing harmony with Tao and reaching nothing. The ideal Taoist ruler is not guilty of doing anything to increase the wealth and power, the shards of the price are negligently leading to theft and usurpation. Vіn maє "purify the svіdomіst of people and remind them of their bellies" in the state, de panuє primitive simplicity.
The main writings of philosophical Taoism - "Tao de jing" ("The Book of Tao and De") Yogo is attributed to the legendary founder of Taoism Lao-chi, who is traditionally respected by the senior Confucius's companion. Tsey tvir, writing in a laconic style of taєmnih writings, smoothly translate, which is a sign of great authority in different yogo translations. Another writing of Taoism is Zhuang-ji, the earliest part of which is dated to IV Art. BC The figurativeness of this treatise is alive, laid out in parables and metaphorical tales, to avenge the essence of the early Taoist thought.
Great significance in Taoism hopes for a long life. Taoist sages respect those who have become a long-liver and the attainment of real immortality. Taoism, which has taken shape, in opposition to philosophical Taoism, which is reflected in the texts described above, develops systems of internal hygiene, which has become popular at the Gathering: reaching out for the right diet, taking up the rights and regulating the breath, people in the natural curves for their internal channels. life force. The achievements of Chinese medicine and the various schools of Chinese mysticism are practical for Taoism, stench is closely related to Taoist science and metaphysics. Taoism also has a great canon of mystical and ritual texts. Taoism has its own pantheon of deities, immortal and ancestors, among which people can whisper outrage and goodness about peace of mind. Taoist texts often describe the divine payment and punishment, which is done like at tsomu, so in potoybіchchya. In our anthology, folk religious Taoism is represented by two ethical treatises: "Treatise on the fee" ("Tai shang gan'in bian") and "Treatise on the quiet way" ("Yin zhi wen").

Shintoizm is the ultimate religion of the Japanese people. Vaughan spіvіsnuє z Confucianism and Buddhism. These three religions are intertwined, approving Japanese culture, ethics, setting up to life and death. The central place in Shintoism is occupied by the chanting of impersonal deities, called kami. Kami isolate themselves those who are divine and spiritual. Spirits enter before them, in the presence of objects of nature: planks, grim, sun, burn, rivers, trees; spirits of ancestors and spirits - the guardians of the nation and the okremy canopies, especially the imperial title; the spirits of national heroes and people, as if they made a great contribution to civilization. Head in the middle kami є Amaterasu - Sonyachna Goddess - the divine patron of Japan. Irrespective of their polymorphism, they are entirely satisfied for the good of the world, and therefore they are often considered as one whole, and other authors sometimes interpret them as God. On the vіdmіnu vіd zahіdnіh іlіgіy, shintoїzmі іn mаіn ї great rіnіtі mіzh people, nature іt deities; a person is endowed with life and the spirit of the kamі and her ancestors, and she herself becomes a kamі. Kami can be venerated in a different way, but the best one is found at the sanctuaries, as if it were roaring at the picnic places. Under the hour of prayer with kami, you can rise and reach, I will become clear and bright.
The ethics of Shintoism is based on the idea of ​​"wa" (rounded), which means harmony, and "makoto", which means breadth. The blessing is founded on the purity of the heart, good will and spivpratsi. Buti is angry - it means a mother to an evil heart, to recognize hisism and hatred, to call out discord in the soul. In such a rank, ethics is not surrounded by a set of orders; protein is the basis of the internal width and harmonies of the soul.
The current synthism of the local tying with sanctuaries and rites, as they are observed there. At the skin booth there is a kamidan (domestic vіvtar), before which every day the rites of the gods are performed. The holy sanctuary with yoga saints is located in the central place near the community. The most important sanctuaries are due to special drives: New river, hromadskі svjat At the sanctuaries, female servants (mіko) dance kagura, which is a relic of ancient shamanism. In Shintoism, prominent people, for example, ruling emperors, roam like ikigami (alive kami); tse means that God moves through them. Prote is wrong to equate their status to God in the sense of the word (forgiveness sometimes trapleyaetsya, if you talk about the "divinity" of the emperor).
Shintoism is a religion, in which there is no sacred writing. However, deakі texts є for tsієї religiї important, shards hang її spirit. Classical synth texts - tse Kodziki and Nihon-siki, in which the mythology of the kamі, describes the journey of Japan and the imperial dynasty and the first emperors. Before the ritual synth texts one can hear Yengishiki - cleansing prayers, and Kagura-uta - ritual dances. And there is a great number of oracles connected with the Shintoist sanctuaries, which may have a significant influx. "Magnosyu" in the selection of poetry of the Nara period (700-1150 pp.).
The life of the dzherel Shintoism includes the poetry and didactic texts of the Shintoist priests and teachings from the Kamakura period to the present day. Fragments from the practice of Moritaka Arakida (b.1525), Ekken Kaybara (1630-1714), Motsimas Xi-kit (b.1660), Naokat Nakanishi (1643-1709), Norinaga Motoori (1730-18) Ieyuki Acai (1688-1736), Kanetomo Yoshida (1435-1511), Masamitsi Imbe, Gentsi Kato and others.
There are more than a hundred million followers of different traditional religions of Africa, Pivnichnoy America, Pivdenny America, Asia and Pacific Islands. If only one of these religions is surrounded by agricultural and tribal partnerships, then others will feel inspired by the cities, nadrakh of the industrial sector. Acts at the step of the sequel to the SVITOVIKH RELIGII: Religiya Yoruba, Lack, Love, Tradzati Milioniv Prikhilnikov I was sewn by the inter -Otkivshchini - nіgereya before the Brazili of the Karibsky Basey, the viganti vigai izhida izhidi izhida,
African traditional religions show faith in Vishche Buttya, the transcendent Creator, who at one time immanently takes a part in the lives of people; vin є also a peacekeeper. African names of God will be on that chi and other attributes: as the Creator is called Nzame (fang), Muumba (Swahili), Chineke (igbo), Ngai (kikuyu) that Imana (Rwanda-Urundi); yak Vishcha Buttya vin is called Oludumare (Yoruba), Mavu (eve) and Unkulu-Nkulu (Zulu). The Yak of the Progenitor and the Great Ancestor of Yogo is called Nana (akan) ta Ataa Naa Nyonmo (ga); for the people of kalibari, the deity of the female family is Oru Tamuno - the Great Mother. Yak Orize (Yoruba) God is the core of all speeches; yak Yataa (kono) and Nyin' (bamum) vin all-present; Chukvu (igbo) means Great Providence, which signifies shares; Onyame (akan, ashanti) means the One Who gives Povnotu. Yak the Spirit of the world of wine - Molymo (Bantu); yak Heaven or the Spirit of Heaven is called Nkhialik (Dinka), Quot (Nuer), Soko (Nupi), Olorun (Yoruba); and my igbo yogo im'ya Ama-ama-amasі-amasі means the One Whom it is impossible to know. Irrespective of the impersonal names and spirit of God, people in different parts of Africa will understand that all stinks are shaming Greater Buttya, in Volodya, which is the whole world.
Lower than the Great Butt, and closer to the right of people, the hosts of subdued deities and canopy spirits perebuvayut. The life of a person lies in the presence of good deities and spirits, which they protect from unsafe conditions and failures, like the evil forces of the spirits call out to the poor. Prayers, sacrifices, rituals and moral life help to achieve the grace of God and help the side of good deities and spirits of ancestors. African traditional religions may be of great importance for the life of the community. The members of this village, the community, always check one kind of one thing to help and add to the burden of the susida, shards in the same support as the norm - social solidarity. The community is famous for its ritual traditions, which are passed on to new generations by old, priests, shamans and spiritually gifted leaders.
Vіdpovіdno to the religion of American Indians the whole world of penetration by the simple forces of nature, what to create. From the point of view of the American Indian, all things are related to each other, both physically, emotionally, and between natural and supranatural essences, there is no deep insight. The six ritual directions serve as a symbol of this world with divine powers: pivnich, pivden, skhid, zakhid, zenith and nadir, and lively istoti, yak represent qi of a straight line. So, the zenith will rise like the Didus Sky (day), which the Father Sun and Bliskavka represent; the sky is night, as if it is more important to represent Grandmother Mіsyats, vvazhayut a woman. Nadir - tse Mati abo Grandmother Earth, with usima її dominance, to give life to that їzhu: Water, Matir'yu Grain, Matir'yu Buffalo, etc. In rich modern cultures of American Indians, the intensity of spiritual forces can be interpreted by one understanding, such as, for example, Kche Manitu my ojibwa among the Algonkins and Wakan Tanka my Dakota among the Sioux.
The meta-religions of the American Indians are a little more vulgar, less individualistic, the mass and everything is blue with the most important light (earth, roslins, creatures, spirits), like they perebuvayut with harmonics, blissfulness, virtuous life Rituals of the American Indians yakraz and directing to the whole world. So, the rituals of victorious tyutyun, sleeps for the Indians of Pivnichnoy and Pivdennoy America, are carried out with the method of creating harmony with the spirits, like tyutyun is served at the sacred pipe. At the rich rituals of these, the participants symbolically throw off all the shells from themselves right up to their calmness, so that they get closer to the spirits from humility and openness. Rituals connected with perebuvannyam at hotly heated huts, fasting, sleepy dance, singing speeches that excite the psyche, create the basis for close contact and sleepiness with the spirits. In this rank, people develop a vision of spiritual essences, as if to accept the fact that people successfully conquered the power of life for the benefit of their communities.
Shamanism of extensions in most traditional religions. The shaman of endowments with a special building sounds like spirits. A shaman can be called someone who builds up bodily and spiritual ailments, reveals evil things and causes misfortune. A shaman can go into a trance for many years, which is accompanied by dancing and showing ritual objects. Other participants in this species can also fall into a trance camp, as if they want to stench the sickness of the soul.
The traditional religions of the islands of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean are presented to the well-known tradition of Taiti and the legend of the Maori people from New Zealand. The legends of the Maori and the Polynesians glorify the valor of those ancestors, as if they conquered the elements, conquered new islands and turned their brothers around. Many heroes sometimes reach their goals for additional cunning, sometimes they win magic, sometimes they show courage in battle. Deyakі їх vvazhayutsya heroes, despite their low social status; others were wicked, but the sins of the heavens were confused; there are many who are embarrassed to fight with their own powerful families. And behind all this, there is a passion for the world, that harmony, although the stench is rarely reached.
New religions of the 19th and 20th centuries, a large number of addicts of them overwhelm 130 million people, is a rapidly growing trend in the religious life of our planet. The stench demonstrates the innocence of life and freedom of the spirit, as it allows you to inspire confession in the form of confessional institutional forms. Most of the new religions can be brought in by the old religious traditions. Wanting to group them often at once for a sociological sign, with a glance of their religious stench, they soon resemble religions, they look like they are one on one. Moreover, the Batkiv communities adopted new religions as a whole orthodox; for example, most of the Hindus accept the movement of Hare Krishna, and the low independent African churches were recognized by the leaders of the main Christian churches. Other new religions, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of the saints Rest day Svіdki Єgovі, adherents of Yogi Bhayan, themselves voted that they continue the traditions of svіtovih religions, regardless of the conflicts with their leaders and churches.
We sent to the problems of designing the writings of these new religions. In a number of vipadkіv the founder of a new religion is alive and gives his own prophecies, before which they are put like before writing. A lot of religions, as if vvazhayut themselves to keep their own father's traditions, vicorist for their navchan її writings. A number of different texts, which are vvazhayutsya by official writings of new religions and included by us in the "All-World Writing", either as an interpretation of an old writing, or as an acknowledgment of new bloodlines, or as a selection of the words of the founder of the new one.
First, a lot of new sects and revolutions are founded in Hinduism. The stench was as wide as in India, so it is at Sunset. As an example, you can call the ashram of Shri Aurobindo, Theosophical fellowship, Ariya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Ananda Marta, the Partnership of Transcendental Meditation, International Partnership of the Svіdomostі Krіshni (Hare Krіshna) ta ruhi, the leaders of these are Meher Baba, Satya Sai Baba, Bagh, ta others. Acts of these revolutions have an eclectic character, and their vchennya diverge from the orthodox ones, like stinks like them, wanting a healthy crowd, they are grounded on traditional writings, which are well presented in our anthology. For example, the International Suspіlstvo Svіdomosti Krishni is a sect of Vishnuist Hinduism; її main writings: Bhagavad Gita ta Shrimad Bhagavatam. Pevna respect is also attached to the Western missions of Buddhists (Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche ta Xuan Hua), Sikhs (Yogi Bhayan ta Kirpal Singh) and Taoists (Georg Osawa, macrobiotics).
The Swedish industrialization of Japan in the 19th century caused the vindication and growth of the majestic number of new religions, so many times today they can carry their mission around the world. Deyakі svіtski buddіyski ruhi є vіdgaluzhennyami sects of Japanese Buddhism, founded by Nіtiren (1222-1282), and honor their sacred writings of the Lotus Sutra. They include the sects of Rise Kosei Kai, whose leader Nikke Nivano takes an active part in international Russia for peace, that Soka Gakkai, yaku having fallen asleep Tsunesaburo Makiguchi. Її political wings - the party of Komeito - an influx of force in the Japanese parliament. Another new religion, which may be Buddhist root, is tse Agon Shu, as a victorist, like writings of Dhammapada and other Theravadic sutris. Won out of the practice of esoteric Buddhism Shingon.
New religions, the basis of such letters is Sintoism, wash the power of writing. Tenrike was the first of these religions of Japan, and Miki Nakayama (1798-1887) fell asleep. The main writings of Tenrike are a selection of the prophecies of Miki Nakayama: Mikagura-uta, Ofudesaki, Osasidzu and Koki. Go ahead, say that God, Tsukihi, who is a divine Father, in his love for people, does not know the truth of "defilement" and grants them the power of healing and mercy. Tsukihi - tse Sun that Moon, which makes the unity of yin and yang, woman and man began. The head sanctuary of religion in Tenry is considered the place of creation of the world, and every hour of the ritual, ten pairs of dancers dance near the central column of the temple, which symbolizes the whole world. A thousand-year-old kingdom of God will come, if heavenly dew and planetary omphalos cover the Tenri temple. Tenrique wants good grace and do mercy for the sake of cleansing from the filth accumulated in human nature.
Another Japanese new religion that promotes Shintoism with the ideas of Christianity, Buddhism and shamanism, - Omotoke, Great Fund, founded by Nao Deguji in 1892. From the beginning, the religion has a small international character (for example, Esperanto was spoken) and for some time it was subjected to repressions from the vlady's side. Look out that God is the all-pervading Spirit, that He helps people to work for the unity of that sacral brotherhood. We scored in the reference anthology a number of fragments from the writings of the religious religion, called Mi-ti-no-Siori.
Sekayu Kyuseike, Church of the Holy Messianism, having fallen asleep Mokiji Okada (1882-1955), the largest member of Omotoke, having won in 1926. podkrovennya, in which you were punished to become a guide of the Healing Divine Light (watches), to vicariate. and vіdkriti zim new month epoch. The vchennya Okadi was written by the work of "Dzoriv".
The successor of Mahikari-Yoshikazu Okada (1901-1974) was a member of Sekayu Kyuseike until 1959. without taking away the authority of the secret, selected in writing under the name "Goseigen". Offended by sects of religion, Mahikari and Suke Mahikari, practice a way of healing, titles okyyome, which means that the Divine Light (dzorei) concentrates on the talisman that hangs on the doctor - omitama.
Doctrines of the Seit-no-ie sect about those who have a single reality and knowledge and that the body can be used for the help of faith that purification of the mind, may be similar to similar views of Christian science. The headmaster of the sect, Masaharu Tanigudti, who is also a member of Omotoke, is represented in the creations of the Yectar Board of the Holy Navchan and the Sacred Sutra of Spiritual Healing.
Kedan of Absolute Freedom, founded by Tokuhar Miki in 1926, combining the elements of Shintoism and Buddhism. This sect worships the Supreme Spirit of the cosmos, but also recognizes the spirits of the ancestors as part of a special karmi. At his own vine "Life is a mysticism" Kedan of Absolute Freedom inculcates a Buddhist belief about the Nebuttya Self, gazing at a truly authentic specialness, as if showing itself involuntarily. Special meaning hopes for the creativity of people, as if embellishing and beautifying our middle of life.
In Korea, beginning in 1960 Religious trends began to appear, as if they started to re-establish the old national Korean religion, which, as you know, prevailed in the country to the penetration of Confucianism, Buddhism and. Christianity. At qi ruhi enter: Tang Gong Church, which was named after the great-grandfather of the Korean people Tang Gong; Tae Dzong Church, Hen Il Church, Chan Do Church and a number of other groups of folk religionists. The old Korean thought was saved at the bottom of the writing, the most important among them - "Chun Bu Kyun". This tvir is made up of 81 Chinese characters, laid out in a square in nine rows and nine columns. It is worth writing a dark document, you can read the same hieroglyphs like a regular, vicarious combination of rows, columns and diagonals. However, there can be a great number of interpretations, in which the principle of Heaven is revealed, which helps people and the cosmos and helps to reach the prosperity of life.
Bahá'ízm virіs on the basis of Islam of the 19th century, and most of the position of this faith is based on traditional Islamic, most importantly Sufi, ideas about mystical kokhannya people to God, that z'ednannya with Him. Prote Bahá'íism, cremated to Islam, having voted that the people have entered a new era of luminous unity and that the spiritual impulse for new version having given a new messenger of Allah, that Messiah-Bahá'u'lláh. Letters to Bahá'íism were cited and selected from the numerical leaves of Bahá'u'llá, the yogi's successor to the Báb and the first yogis. They include fragments from "Selected Works of Baha'u'lli", "Books of Virnost" ("Ki-tab-i-ikan"), "The Secret Words of Baha'u'lli" and "Leaves to Sina Vovka". At the same time, over five million people enter the Baha'ist communities in different lands of the world.
Among the sects and new religions, which were founded on the basis of Christianity, most of them, like sacred writings, fill the Bible, even if they give it a different interpretation, it is appropriate to the bloodlines of their founders. Among them are the Adventist sects of the Seventh Day and the Svіdkіv Yegovi, which appeared at the 19th century. on the grounds of American Protestant melenarism. None of the offenses in the church may have numerous missionaries in different parts of the world. At the XX century. new Christian denominations to become more charismatic. Before them one can see the independent churches of Africa, such as the kimbangvisti of Zahiri and the Brotherhood of Cross and Zirki of Nigeria. At the edges of the Caribbean, there are more Rastafarians.
Other new Christian religions complement the Bible with their spiritual texts. The Church of Jesus Christ of the Saints of the Rest of the Day, as it has close to seven million members, may, in addition to the Bible, three text-Announcements: "The Book of Mormon", "Teaching and Please" and "Many Pearls". "The Book of Mormon" is a translation of the golden handkerchiefs given to Joseph Smith by the angel Moroni. He has a story about the dreams of God and the old Meshchantsi in both Americas and the manifestation of Jesus by him. "Learn and Please" to avenge the prophecies, transferring that order of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young and the other first leaders of the Church of the saints of the rest of the day, like they fell asleep the church. "Many Pearls of Perlin" - tse selection of prophecies and translations, including translations of a number of Egyptian papyruses, what revenge do, what are attributed to Abraham and Moses, that autobiographical description of the call of Joseph Smith. The writings reveal the nature of God; to talk about a squirrel and a potoybіchne life; describe the rituals, so, like the baptism of the dead, that the dream at the Eternal Temple, like helping people to be neighbors to the glory of the Kingdom of God.
The Church of Christ the All-Knowing (Christian Science) is working on "Science and Health with the Key to Scripture", written by Mary Baker Eddi (1821-1910). It is necessary to take revenge on the spiritual interpretations of biblical texts, in which it attaches great respect to the miracles of the healing of Jesus. Christian science is to understand that it is the only reality, and the belief in the reality of matter is an illusion. Ruinuvannya and death, like a strong matter, are also an illusion, and that ruination can only be overcome by the strength of the spirit.
The Church of the United, founded by Son Myung Moon in Korea in 1954, is another new religion founded on the Christian tradition. Krіm bіblії, the main writing, vchennya of the Church is presented in the "Divine Principle", a doctrinal text, the same in the collections of sermons of її zanovnik. Stink that people were created, to realize God's ideal of goodness and harmony on earth, but the fall of sin caused God's created plan, shards brought hisstical, satanic elements into human love. Jesus came as if fully infused with God's love, to reaffirm God's ideal, but the shards of people turned into the New in Yogo earthly life, the promise of the Kingdom of God on earth was left unanimous. Today, people are called anew to come forward to hisism, to make a sacrificial love to their enemies, and in such a rite to create a new undertaking in order to accept the Messiah, to appear in our hour at the sight of the True Batkiv, to reawaken their light.
Other new religions draw inspiration from dzherel, to stand on the sidelines of the main religions of the world. Dzherel includes the traditions of hermetic philosophy, chaklunism, natural religions, spiritualism, astrology and psychology. At Zakhodі, the groups of "New Yeri" and the group, mentally called "Group of the Realization of Special Opportunities" are expanding rapidly. As their representatives, we took the Church of Scientology, founded by L. Ron Hubbard. Do something to describe the system of spiritual and psychological techniques to purify evidence from negative influences in order to achieve Clarity and spiritual freedom.

Holy religions - a system of perekonan and practices, which signifies the mutual connection between the divine sphere, that of a succulent society, a group of individuals. It manifests itself in doctrinal behavior (doctrine, faith), in religious activities (worship, ritual), in social and organizational spheres (religious integrity, church) and in the sphere of individual spirituality.

This is how religion is called, whether it be a cultural system of singing behavior, sight-seeing, consecration of the month, like po'yazuyut people from the supernatural or transcendental. And yet there is no such thing as a scientific consensus that exactly composes religion.

Zgіdno s Cicero, tsya name resembles the Latin word relegere or religere.

Different kinds of religions can avenge or avenge different elements of divine, sacred speeches. Religious practices include rituals, preaching, worship (to deities, idols), sacrifices, festivals, saints, trances, dedications, funeral services, meditations, prayers, music, art, dance, community services, and other aspects of human culture. Practically, whether a religion can have a sacred history and evidence, saving from sacred writings, as well as symbols of that holy month, to give a sense of life. Religions avenge symbolic histories, directing them to those that would explain the journey of life, omniscience. Ring the faith, cry to the mind, є zherelom religious perekonan.

History of religion

Skilki Zheligiyi іsnuuu, at the same time, it’s not worse, ale vіdomikh on the sovogodnishy day - close 10,000 riznikh, I huddled 84% of the population of the same, it is good for the new ones: the Christianity, izham, izhm, izhm, izhmovy, izhmia, izhmia, anomalous form. national religion".

Isnuє low theories about the emergence of religious practices. At the thought of authoritative anthropologists, richly in the list of religions, the world began to be as active, that spontaneously to the point of ruin, the shards of the church march to the world, people (and so on) a charismatic prophet gave birth to a large number of people problems. . The secular religion is not characterized by a specific middle ground of ethnic affiliation and can be expanded. Іsnuyut raznі vіdі svіtovіh religiy, i zna z z zіs nіznі vіd zaboboni. The essence of which can be, in the middle, those who believe in their own skillfulness, and sometimes do not recognize other religions, or else they are important.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the humanist confession divided the religious faith into songs of philosophical categories - "light religions".

The five largest religious groups in the world include 5.8 billion people - 84% of the population - Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and traditional folk beliefs.

Christianity

Christianity is founded on the life and vchennyah of Jesus of Nazareth, who is respected as the founder of the current (1st century AD), this life is written in the Bible (Old and New Testament). Christian faith - faith in Jesus as the Son of God, the Savior of that Lord. May all Christians believe in the Trinity, like to read the unity of the Father, Sin (Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit as three in one Deity. Christians can describe their faith as the Nicene symbol of faith. As a religion, Christianity resembled the Byzantine civilization in the first thousand years and expanded Western Europe under the hour of colonization and far away from the whole world. The main ideas of Christianity are melting (apparently up to the number of christians):

• – Catholic Church in the choli with a bishop;
• – Shіdne Christianity, which includes Shіdne Orthodoxy and the Shіdna Church;
• - Protestantism, which was cremated in the Catholic Church in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century and divisions into thousands of denominations.

To the main heads of Protestantism are brought: Anglicanism, Baptism, Calvinism, Lutheranism and Methodism, to take revenge on the impersonal different confessions of groups.

Islam

Foundations on the Koran - the sacred book about the Prophet Muhammad, which is called the main political and religious fiend, who lived in the seventh century of our eri. Islam is based on the principles of unity of religious philosophies and accepts all the prophets of Judaism, Christianity and other Abrahamic religions. The religion of Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia, Pivnichnoy Africa, Western Asia and Central Asia is the most widespread, as well as the Muslim majority live in certain parts of Pivdennoy Asia, Africa for the whole of Sahara and Pivdenno-Skhidnoy. The main Islamic republics are Iran, Pakistan, Mauritania and Afghanistan.

Islam is subdivided into such clouding:

1. – Sunit Islam – the largest denomination in Islam;
2. - Shiїtsky іslam - different after the size;
3. - Ahmadiya.

These are Muslim winds, such as Muwakhidism and Salafism.

Of the other denominations of Islam, one can override: Nation Islam, Sufism, Kuranism, non-confessional Muslims and Wahhabism, which is the dominant Muslim school in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Buddhism

Ohoplyu raznomanіtnіst traditsіy, vіruvannya that spiritual practice, zdebіlshego osnovanі on navchannі, scho to lay Buddha. Buddhism vinicted in Ancient India between 6th and 4th centuries BC. e., the stars began to spread across the territory of Asia. We see two keys to Buddhism that have been preserved: Theravada ("School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Ship"). Buddhism is the fourth religion in the world with more than 520 million people living in the world - about 7% of the world's population.

Buddhist schools differ according to the exact nature of the path to zvilnennya, importance and canonicity of different writings, especially their practices. Practical methods of Buddhism are based on the vision of the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, enlightenment of the Scriptures, the practice of ethical and pious commandments, the wisdom of grace, the practice of meditation, the cultivation of wisdom, mercy and speech, the practice of Mahayani - bodhichita is complete.

In Theravada, by the end method, clichés are attached to the attainment of the nirvana, which is reached by the practice of the Noble Eightfold Way (Middle Way). Theravada is widely expanded in Sri-Lanzi and Pivdenno-Skhidniy Asia.

Mahayana, which includes the traditions of the Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tantai (Tendai), is developed in Northern Asia. Instead, in order to reach Nirvani, Mahayana pragna Buddhi through the bodhisattva path - I will become, in which a person is immersed in the cycle of rebirth, especially of which the flock will help other people to achieve awakening.

Vajrayana - the collection of navchans, which are attributed to the Indian siddhas, can be looked at like a third of a tree, or just a part of the Mahayani. Buddhism in Tibet, which takes the name of Vajrayani, is practiced in areas where the Himalayas, Mongolia and Kalmikia are located.

Judaism

- The day after the century, the Abrahamic denomination, which originated in ancient Israel. The Torah becomes the main writings and part of a larger text, known as the Tanakh of the Jewish Bible. It is supplemented by traditions that have been added to writing in modern texts, such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism includes a great warehouse of writings, practices, theological positions and forms of organization. This religion has impersonal ruins, most of which originated from Rabin's Judaism, who will say that God gave his laws to Moses on Mount Sinai, looking at the writings on the stone, and in the form of Tories. Historically, the assertion was slandered by various scientific groups. The largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi), conservative and reformist.

Shamanism

By practice, as it turns on the things that change information is within reach in order to accept and interact with the light of the spirits.

The shaman is the one who has access to the world of good and evil spirits. The shaman enters at the camp of a trance for an hour of ritual and practice of prophecy and healing. The word “shaman”, maybe, resembles the Evenki language of Pivnichnoi Asia. This term, having become a reminder of the fact that the Russian warriors conquered the shamanic khanate of Kazan in 1552.

The term "shamanism" was first used by western anthropologists for the ancient religion of the Turks and the Mongols, as well as the landed Tungus and Samoyed peoples. Спостерігаючи і порівнюючи більше релігійних традицій у всьому світі, деякі західні антропологи стали використовувати термін у широкому сенсі, щоб описати непов'язані магічно – релігійні практики, виявлені в етнічних релігіях інших частин Азії, Африки, Австралії та навіть зовсім незв'язаних частин Північної та Pivdenny America, stink shards vvazhali that these practices are similar to each other.

Shamanism includes the admission that shamans become mediators or messengers between the human world and the spiritual. There, where the appearance is wider, people believe that shamans rejoice in ailments and heal the soul, that shamans can see other worlds (wintering). Shaman de, nasampered, which pours in the light of the people. Reinforcing the balance to cause ailments to the point of sleepiness.

National religions

The root religions or the national ones are considered to be a wide category of traditional religions, which can be characterized by shamanism, animism and ancestor worship, detraditional traditions, the fundamental ones, are passed down from generation to generation. All religions, closely associated with a singing group of people, one ethnic belonging to a tribe, there are often no formal versions of sacred writings. Acts of religion are syncretic, as if they unite different religious practices.

New religious trends

A new religious movement is a young religion that is alternative to spirituality, a religious group, which today borrows peripheral space from the dominant religious culture of the community. Might be a new one for the trips, or a part of a broader religion, but you can also renew yourself in the denominations that you founded earlier. It was with great confidence that this new movement could have hundreds of thousands of successors in the whole world, moreover, most of their members live in Asia and Africa.

New religions often clash with the fortune-teller from the side of traditional religious organizations and different secular institutions. In this hour, there are a few scientific organizations and journals that are reviewed, dedicated to this food. The successors show the growth of new religious developments in modernity and change in the current processes of secularization, globalization, fragmentation, reflexivity and individualization.

There are no single acceptable criteria for the designation of a “new religious revolution”. Tim is not less, this term conveys that a group of recent trips. One point of the dawn is in the fact that “new” can mean that you are late for your adventures, there are more of them.

In this order, among the statutes, we looked at the world religions from the oldest to the young, from the most important to the least.

EARLY FORMS OF RELIGION AND RELIGION POLITEISM

As a result of the study of materials, the student may:

nobility

• peculiarities of mythological religion;
• mythology and pantheon of the ancient religions of the German and Slavic tribes;
• main plots of ancient mythologies;
• the main historical religions of the peoples of the Skhodu, their links with national customs cultures;
• the main provisions of the concept of duality in the religious history of Russia;

remember

• classify the myths on the basis of their substantiation and plot;
• see mythology in mythological texts of different religions;
• typology of polytheistic religions, relying on the religiously-cognized methodology;
• signify the specifics of the injection of national religions into culture;

Voloditi

• religious and ritual vocabulary of political religions;
• shaping statements about the main ways of development of polytheistic religions;
• changes to the interpretation of the transition from mythologems to theologemes in the process of evolution of religions;
• different approaches to the classification of polytheistic religions;
• the basics of the historical method of analyzing religious phenomena

EARLY FORMS OF RELIGION. MEDITERRANEAN AND EUROPEAN RELIGIONS POLITEISM

Early forms of religion. Mythology and religion

The vision of the future of religion is even more foldable through the great temporal remoteness of that period, if it has become. Data, for which it would be possible to explain the process, small grains and allow for a different interpretation.

In a whole ninth theory, the movement of religion can be divided into a sprinkling of great groups:

• - the theory of bloodlines (nearest to the theological bachelor) that they convey that the religion of vinyl was created by the will of the deity as it was established;
• - Theory of internal religious feeling; vvazhayut, scho іnіtsiativa і vstanovlenі zv'yazku z zazhezhnym lie lynі, scho collapses in іdіnії pochatkovї ї іgіgіynoї prіbіnі;
• - Gnoseological theory; pripuskayut zherel ligії that lack of knowledge and practice yoga remember;
• - Igrovі, yakі vvazhayut, scho religion blames in the process of vilnoї igrovoії activity;
• - social, to shift the reasons for the appearance of religion in the sphere of suspense vodnosin (under which religion can be recognized as a temporal phenomenon, and be powerful in principle);
• - Biological-psychological, scho vvazhayut causes quiet chi other psychobiological phenomena.

Early, most recent forms of religion are closely connected with myth and magic.

The contemporary scientific thoughtists have a small number of mutually dependent approaches to the development of mythology. Mythology (from the Greek. mythos- retelling, warning logos - vchennya) may have figured out how:

• - the system of sacred knowledge of peoples, ethnic and social groups, is based on traditional retellings, which are inspired by metaphorical and faith in miracles;
• - a system of sacred knowledge that explains the journey of a person, a world, gods and that spirit;
• - sacred sermons that enter the storehouse of various religious beliefs (should you hear any thoughts about their historical inaccuracy);
• - Specific type of thought;
• - Scientific discipline, which develops the genesis, essence, structure of myths.

Myth- this is a tale of a special kind, especially logical constructions, prompted by specific mythological schemes (logic myth), which are accepted as absolutely true. In essence, wine is correct knowledge of what is true. At that very hour, one who lives in the sphere of the mythological expanse, vvazhayut yoga with truth, others, who are the posture of the sphere of that expanse, is a clue. The characteristic rice of the myth is respected by its rationality of rational criticism, pozarationalnost (which does not obov'yazkovo mean yogo pardon).

Myth is the most early and most enduring phenomenon of human culture, which exists to this day and is an indispensable attribute, whether it be, inspire a highly developed culture. In historical terms, the primary form of human culture is mythology. Vaughn has become a life-giving medium for vindication of such forms of spiritual life as religion, mysticism, philosophy, and science.

In the everyday manifested myth is a guess, a fairy tale, a fantasy. And a lot of our statements about the world (including the people themselves and society) have a mythological character, we live in a world full of myths, not mentioning it and not recognizing the mythological nature of the richness of our light-seeing attitudes and how to scream out of them.

You can see some of the main functions of the myth, relevant to all types of mythologies, both ancient and real.

Myth as a way of communication. To the thought of E. Cassirer (1874-1945), the myth accompanies the people forever, in any era. Vіn intermediary between people and reality, a kind of recognition of the "prism" that allows people to perceive reality in their other form, vibrating the power of the shutter before it. The beginning of the myth is possible communication from the outer world. In the opinion of R. Bart, myth is the first word for the whole word, that everything can be a myth that is connected with the discourse, the rhetoric of some kind of articulate and meaningful promotion for additional words. Myth can transform the power to create reality itself with it. On the thought of one of the largest votchisnyanyh dosledniks in mythology A. F. Loseva(1893-1988), be it an inanimate river or a manifestation, which is seen as a part of a living human being, is essentially mythical.

Myth is a way of "designing" people. For a thought M. K. Mamardashvili(1930-1990), a person is a piece of truth, which is peopled by culture, where magic is seen, ritual is a myth. Stink not є nі theories, nі yavlennyami about svіt, tse nasampered ways of "designing" people from natural material, their own "patterns". Myth, in such a way, it is possible to structure the light-gazing of people in the world of yoga from a natural state to a civilized one.

Myth is a way of cherishing people. The molding of the light-gazer of a person transfers the molding of the inner light that is specific to the world. Myth programs and determines, determines inner light people, cheruє them, helping them with a special mythological reality. We have a connection with this other language and food about the reason for "objective reality": on the basis of the "objective reality": our statements about it, but not the reality of the mythological picture of the world, as it was born as a result of the mythological give up such a "dependence of the myth"?

Myth is a type of thought and a type of evidence. Mythological thought is a different kind of thoughtful activity, the most archaic form of understanding action. The new one has a syncretic connection, emotions bring blue to the world, empirical knowledge.

Yoga is based on emotional-sensitivity sprynyattya activity, based on figurativeness, narrowed, low-level abstraction (zocrema of manifestation of causal and inherited links, that, de stink є, but de - nі). The purpose of the thought is collective, the oskіlki іndivіdualne сvіdomіst іn't seen from the group.

The primary models of interaction between people of those groups are projected on the outer world, yoga anthropomorphization(endowed with human individual or group qualities) that animation(Entrusting nature with a soul and vindication of a viable vіruvannya). Endowment with anthropomorphic, similar to human, psychology was robbed of the necessary regular propitiatory rituals, for example, in Carthage, having founded the cult of Baal, they sacrificed children to it (div. Fig. 40).

Tsya power of mythological thought, on the thought of rich representatives of classical religion, leading to guilt animism- believe in the heart of the soul and that spirit, the spirituality of all objects and objects of the necessary world, that. one of the early forms of religion (yogo traces of philosophical panpsychism - a reversal of spirituality in the world; look like this was characteristic of the natural sciences at the early stages of their development, including in the XVIII-XIX centuries). At the same time, the characteristics of the worldly world are projected on the human team, the oscalls of mythological evidence are amorphous not to hold strong cordons between the world and the people and do not establish clear ієrarchіy speeches and іstot: zoomorphism(endowed with the characteristics of creatures, identified with them), phytomorphism(Entrusted with the characteristics of a growing world), and so on. By virtue of the power of mythological thought, it was accepted to explain the appearance of one early form of religion, totemism - believe in native links of people of that її genus with the subject of a familiar world, in the case of people of that group, like natural "ancestors", call creatures and roslin (div. fig. 32).

У міфологічному мисленні не дотримуються звичні цивілізованій людині логічні закони, можуть поєднуватися взаємовиключні погляди, відсутні перевірені причинно-наслідкові зв'язки (вони залишаються в вельми специфічному та алогічному вигляді), суть речі підмінюється її походженням, подіям приписується обов'язкова цілеспрямованість. ). For example, the possibility of pardoning "after this - does not mean in the aftermath of this" is not safe, if through the sum of the appearances in the space that hour there are whiskers about their causal-hereditary links, which can be seen in everyday life as a typical mythological leftover.

One of the characteristic principles of mythological thought is the "law of accountability". For a thought L. Levy-Bruhl(1857-1939), prichetnist - especially mystical unity, or the sound of speeches. All the objects that are manifestations of that power in the world, including people and that human team, are tied one to one. To that, change, which are used, for example, with one object, can be poured in as it is unperceived, and purposefully be-yakі іnshі. It’s easy to sing it out there, de є zovnіshnє podіbnіst speeches, їх dotik, succession one by one at the hour, tobto. may place mythological analogy(she herself produces impersonal zaboboniv and in a modern person).

So, the image of the creature and the people was with the original, and spitting on the first, you could spit in the friend. Tsya authority of the mythological thought was known before the appearance magic(dіy, directing to the achievement of singing goals by a supranatural way through mediated action on an object through tying other objects-intermediaries with it), іsnuychoї i nіnі. So call yourself to explain and blame fetishism(believing in the supranatural power of any material objects that bring grudge and acceptance to the people and the collective) is another early form of religion.

Mythological thoughts, as a rule, will be based on two (binary) positions (opposites). The most important ones are those that can be seen to the spacious underworld, especially the vertical (“top - bottom”, “sky - earth”). Significant є the opposition "own - alien", on the basis of which the group was formed, the establishment of tribal, tribal and other groups, acknowledgment of belonging to the group of that її affiliation to other groups and the light of the sun. Near the navkolishnym of the world one could see "own" and "foreign" expanse, the rest often acted as a dungaree of insecurity. In this way, the articulation of the world began to sound fuzzy, the cordons appeared ruffled. Whom to whimper:

• - A number of special fears. Especially in front of the dead, so like the light of the dead and the light of the living are not clearly separated, the dead can freely turn back and make the living cry in their light (which is often "below");
• - Non-recognition of personal (special) and impersonal entities. Sounds and current statements about the nature of that її verse as if it were special (“calling out” to the elements, the prayers of the Mother Earth), about death, as if it were about a special and reasonable truth, which is accessible to people, in view of the need to be rich and protected;
• - the vagueness of the picture of creation, like eschatological perspectives. Mythology represents a chimerical explanation of the journey of the world, de mute the creator, purposefully directing the world to create and venturing into the world in principle.

Suspіlstvі mіf formє svedomist- A way of getting people to know their everyday life. Its main function is the adaptation of a person to the minds of life and a new reality, we must first try to explain unreasonably, let it be and it is impossible from a critical point of view (the myth is important to reach criticism; if it has become effective, the person is guilty for the beginning of misunderstanding, allowing vіdkidannya, zvіdsi i vsіmі vіdomі difficulties perekonannya people on pobutovomu rivnі, scho іnоdі outlіvshchuyut slozhnostі sutо scientіch superechok).

Already, E. Cassirer works to resemble the tradition of symbolic interpretation of myth. In times of ritual and myth, the primary forms of symbolic expression. According to V. N. Toporov, for a myth, a medium of verbal language is needed, and for a ritual, it is enough for non-verbal, between words, yoga is not streamed. Vin miraculously turns, for example, at the dance. Zvіdsi rush vysnovok about the primacy of the ritual is a hundred myth.

At the thought of a witch's clerk S. Yu. Neklyudova, the language of the myth may have a great possibility of symbolization (the light of symbols behind their meanings is the most mythological world). And yet the same mythological explanation without intermediary and conveys its deepening through the images of the objective world. Why is it obvious that the myth is asymbolic in principle, the symbol descends to a new type of thought, and not like a genre, for example, literature. It can be assumed that the myth is a system of verbal interpretation and legitimization of the already essential ritual activities, if the stench is explained as correct, effective, admissible and inspiring. Vicoristannya in the new symbolism is reduced to a minimum with a specific method. Vin:

• – broadcast socially meaning information, necessary for the full foundation of the team;
• – can be understood for all members of the team, for the full acceptance of this information;
• - stands as a mechanism of convention, tobto. please, who reveal the symbolism of the ritual and establish the meaning of the symbols that are translated into the rituals (if all the potential participants in the ritual are able to understand yoga in one go).

According to S. Yu. Neklyudov, one can speak about the primacy of the ritual as a myth, in that sense, that in its “non-verbal” form, the “pre-ritual” wins the role of the “instrument” for activating the archetypal snakes, that symbols. Ritual as a system of collective symbolic activities, subordinating to tired rules, is one of the forms of cultural semiotization of the space and the translation of symbolism in such a way, if it can be actively invested in society.

The organization of ritual and ritual activity has a semiotic character, in the process of ritual there are significant signs between the participants in the ritual and meaningful objects, objects and places of the semioticized space. Numbers of blueprints are marked by different codes that are related to the organization space: pantomimical (mova ruhiv), proxematic (mova change vіdstaney), subject-functional, socially-symbolic. Tsі code at different stages of the ritual of building to enter at different vіdnosini one by one, with verbal and other hourly codes.

Be-yakі open space objects, back in the ritual space, fallow for the purpose of ritual activity, buildings gaining different meanings. Qi meanings can be fixed behind these objects (both material and abstract) and posture with the ritual expanse of those objects. In times of extra-ritual consolidation, the meaning of such objects is the carrying of cultural memory, the "matrix" of the ritual carried out and the "program" of its possible realization in the future.

One can speak to the one who, in the expanse of the ritual, sings the meanings of the signs, which are rooted in culture, are established. The myth becomes a conventional (which fixes the fundamentally accepted meaning) mechanism that establishes specific meanings for the elements of the ritual. The symbolism itself is fixed in non-verbal rituals, and the meaning is fixed in the myth. The rest of the time, being razgornutym explanations of a particular ritual, in the world of its own foundation in culture itself provoking the blame for new rituals, revealing the meaning of their systems of symbols.

To reach such a point of view, we can say that the non-verbal ritual was celebrated even before the appearance of the language, as a form of social buttya of the human team. From the appearance of the movie, a myth is revealed - as a way of understanding, explaining that legalization of the ritual. Possibility of ambiguous interpretations of verbal signs and myths led to the transformation of rituals, or to the vindication of absolutely new ritual actions, the senses and meanings of which are surrounded by new myths too soon.

Vzaєmini mіzh mіfom і religiєyu vkrai folded, mає zagaloviznanoї suvoroї cordon, unambiguously razmezhovuє tsі understand. According to E. Cassirer, myth and religion are more likely to be subject to logical analysis, which leads to their convergence. For a vchennogo mіzh mythological and religious thought, there are no hundred things, all the stinks attack one and the very foundations of human life. It is very important to conduct a cordon between myth and religion, and the whole history of religion is somehow connected with mythological manifestations and is based on them. For this myth, the first one is the first hundredth whether it is a religion. Myth is a potential religion, it is the core of religion, it is a life-giving center. Such a pіdkhіd is the basis of looking, for some kind of religion - the institutionalization of the myth.

Most of the scholars respect mythology as the historically earliest form of faith. Such a thought is not relieved by the foundations, shards of all forms of early religious manifestations that took away the further development of religions, closely related to the myth and the mythological type of thought - magic, animism, totemism, fetishism.

From the look of E. B. Tylor, the basis of all religious beliefs lies in the primary manifestation of the soul and spiritual essence - animism is accepted as the primary basis of religion. The minimum denomination of religion, in my opinion, is also rooted in the primacy of animism, animism acts as a minimum denomination of religion. Following him, the authors of the first religion respected different forms early religious phenomena.

For Ege. Durkheim's early form of fetishism. Such theories are in line with the evolutionary approach, which conveys the manifestation of the song evolutionary gatherings. The second pidkhid speaks on the syncretic character of early religiousness, if one of the designated forms is not clearly transcended.

A detailed system of the evolution of religious manifestations was propagated by the teachings of S. A. Tokaryov: "... To the number of forms of religion most recent for their adventures, one can, perhaps, include: 1) totemism; 2) housekeeping, rituals; 3) medicine; rituals 5) the funeral cult of Vonia rooted in the minds of the life of the first people, the minds, no doubt founded from the very hour of anthropogenesis and even more deep roots that go in the ancient past. taєmnih spіlok; 13) the cult of leaders; 14) the cult of the tribal god; 15) the agrarian cult ".

The second step of foundations is on the fact that the systematized mythological systems can only be called religion.

The third pidkhid comes from that which is the most significant, primordial sign of religion - monotheism (monotheism). Other religions, zokrema and denominations of religion to polytheism, together with mythology are interpreted as primitive, pagan religions. Tsej pіdkhіd naypovnіshe vіdbito pramonoteїzmu theory, scho koristuєtsya vyznanny low religiєznavtsіv.

Cassirer Ege. vibrane. Dosvid about the people. M., 1998. Z. 542.

Tylor E. B. Primary culture. M., 1989. S. 209-210.

Tokarev S. A. Early forms of religion. M., 1990. Z. 50.

)
Your task is to respectfully listen to the text.

Learn: One of the oldest books, considered sacred, was written in India. With the help of rich people, rospovіd about the gods of Hinduism were passed from mouth to mouth. Moreover, they were passed on in the form of verses. Even in ancient times, all these reports were recorded and named types, which in translation means “knowledge” and “revealed”. Keep adding up of several parts and revenge the warnings:

• about the creation of the world,
• about the head deities of Hinduism,
• hymn to the gods
• description of the rituals of Hinduism.

Vcheni admit that Lead it was created about 4500 years ago. For the record of the Vedas, a village of bark and palm leaves was victorious. Due to the inadequacy of the material, on which Vedi was written, the century of manuscripts that came to us, a total of hundreds of years.

Learn: Another ancient sacred book appeared in Iran. called won Avesta. Avesta is the main sacred book of Zoroastrianism (one of the most ancient religions). Yak and Vedi, the Avesta is composed of several parts, where to enter

• prayer songs,
• beast to the gods,
• religious and legal orders,
• hymns.

There is a legend that the text of the Avesti was written down by Oleksandr the Great, and later it was renewed in memory by the Zoroastrian priests.

Teacher: For a long time, the vchennya of the oldest religion, Buddhism, has not been recorded. So - from the mouth by the mouth it was widened by different lands. Learned Buddhi and yoga followers collected information about yoga life and those, if, how and why they taught people. For whom did you need a century of sprat. And less than 600 years later, in the 1st century BC, all the choices in the house were chosen on the palm leaf of the Indian mine. The whole leaf was put into three special boxes. This is how the Buddhist Sacred Scripture appeared, as if it took away the name Tipitaka, which means “three cats of wisdom”.
- Let's move with you to a long time ago and listen to the living word of Tipitaki. (reading the text by the teacher).
– How do you think, why is there the word “wisdom” in the title of this book?

(Fill in tables)

Dynamic pause

Yangolatko arrived -
They stood on the scarves!
Stretched their hands uphill
And one laughed at one,
The krillts were straightened -
Ubik was sent
Were healed to the ground,
Nemov carried the burden
They drowned with their feet,
They clapped their hands.
Jumped at the height
Sob there drink a star.
Deeply sighed
Shoulders flared up
They waved their hands over their heads,
And now the time has come for us
Do a good job.

- Now you will improve in pairs. You are encouraged to read the text of that opinion on the power of the new one. At the end of the task, 4 credits are added to you. ( Addendum 2 )
- Perevirka.
- And now let's wonder how you understood the text: insert the missing words in the text. ( Addendum 3 )
(When vikonannі zavdannya uchnі can speed up the text)
- Filling tables.

Even in the prehistoric times, the priests of ancient peoples wrote down their knowledge, in order to increase them and pass them on to the plaques, to that in the most famous historical museums, the world of skin from us can be treated with stones and wooden tablets and ancient suvos from papyrus, on which I worship the rituals described that recorded information about that other aspect of the life of the soul at that hour. Hour tradition of writing down everything yourself important subdivisions I didn’t get any information, and we can still get a lot of information about the life of those ancient peoples.

All sacred books of religions of the world are also called for by their foundations of tradition to record everything more importantly. The skin of them makes its own sacred book, in which all the dogmas of faith, cults and traditions are written down, the rules and norms are indicated, obligatory or recommended for all adherents of religion, as well as descriptions of historical records, myths and life of the founders of religions of those people, yakі have left out an important trace. history of forming and turning.

The history of the writing of the sacred books of the religion of the world is practically so foldable and ambiguous, even though the letters were written by different people for a long time, and in the skin of the books there is information that modern historians cannot give a single interpretation. The holy book of Christianity is the Bible, Islam is the Koran, Buddhism is the Tripitaka (Paliysky canon), Judaism is the Tanakh, Hinduism is the Vedi, Confucianism is Wu Ching, Taoism is Dao Zang ta Zhuang Ji.

The Bible is the holy book of Christians

History of writing Bible there are more than one thousand rokiv - zgіdno with the visnovkas of historians, the sacred writings of christians were created from the XV century. to the sound e. for I st. n. e., and its authors are hundreds of people who lived in different centuries. The fragments of the original parts of the Bible were repeatedly rewritten and re-edited, the authorship of some books and the Gospels could not be precisely established, the pro-Christian clergymen and those people, who professed Judaism, were inspired, as the first author, which was the basis for writing the Torah, the prophet Moy 'five first) books of the Old Testament), and finished the writing of the Holy Letter by the apostles of Jesus Christ.

The Bible is composed of two main parts. Old Testament і New Testament , moreover, it’s a sign of faith, the first part of the bula was written before the first coming of Christ, and the other part was written after the first coming of the people. The parishioners of the Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches, as well as the quiet, who consider themselves to be Christians, respect the statements of that prophecy, recognized in the New Testament, priority over the dogmas and rules prescribed by the Old Testament.

Order of the rules of conduct, moral standards and instructions for believers (the head of them can be the 10 Commandments, assigned to the Book of the Old Testament, as well as the establishment of Jesus Christ, described in the Gospels of the Apostles), the Bible also considers the history of the Jewish people yakі zrobili znachny contribution to the rozvitka єvrejskoї natsії Okremo sіd sіd і аbout the prophecies, аbіlії їїїї її її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї This book is also called the Apocalypse of John.

The shards of the Bible were rewritten more than once and the clouding of some statements and prophecies changed accordingly to the policy of the church, in the current version of the sacred book, far from all the texts of that writing, written by the apostles, were included. Such texts are called apocrypha , and regardless of those that most of the clergy do not recognize them with sacred scriptures, deyakі іstorians vpevnenі, scho poznіstі oszumіt the essence of what is said in the bіbії without urakhuvannya apocrypha is impossible. Until now, about 100 apocrypha have been preserved, which lie before the Old Testament (the book of Baruch, the book of Tovin, the book of Judith and others), and approximately the same number of texts, as they are not included before the New Testament , Apocalypse of Peter, Apocalypse of Paul, Book of Josip Teslyar and others).

Tanakh - the holy book of the Jews

Tanakh- tse Old Testament of the Bible, which the followers of Judaism divide their line into three parts:

1.Torah - the first five books (Buttya, Wihid, Levit, the book of Numbers and the Repetition of the Law)

2. Neviem - in the books written by the prophets, which are important for the description of the history of the Jewish people from the moment they came to earth, they were inhabited and before the Jewish people were conquered by the Babylonian kingdom

3. Ktuvim - 11 books of the Old Testament, which are also called "writings of the saints".

It should be noted that between the Tanakh and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible and sings of sovereignty - adherents of Judaism respect the deacons from the books of the Old Testament with the apocrypha, as Christians recognize them as canonical. So the people are enthralled, which are 4 equal (or balls) of the Tanakh clouding, and even the first three balls of the sacred scriptures (literally, figuratively, that logically illuminating) are accessible to the skin people, but we can only educate the kabbalistic comprehension.

The Quran is the holy book of Islam

Koran, the sacred book of Muslims, is composed of the blood of the prophet Mohammed, as if through him Allah sent to the believers. Like the Bible, the Koran was rewritten several times, and it is important that the single canonical version was approved in the eighth century by our collegium of the living companions of Magomed. However, at the same time, there are 7 variants of reading the Koran, leather from some of the formations of this other Muslim school of the cob period of the history of Islam.

The holy book of Muslims is being compiled 114 suras (chapters), and the skin sura, with its blackness, includes in itself 3 to 286 verses (vіrshiv). Usi suri is divided into mecanian , in some records of the secret, given to the prophet Magomed Jabrail before resettlement in Medina, that medical - Suri, written down from the words of the prophet after he arrived as far as Medina. The Crimea of ​​the main dogmas of faith, the prophecies and statements of believers, the Koran avenges the life of the prophets, which God sent to the earth.

Having read this holy book, you can make whiskers that Muslims, Christians, and Jews believe in the prophets themselves - Noah, Solomon, Moses, Jesus and other apostles, whose names are in the Bible, are guessed in the Koran. However, Muslims are convinced that it is the most intimate of the remaining prophet Magomed to convey to people the will of God, for those who believe it is necessary to live behind yoga covenants.

The Pali Canon - the sacred book of the Buddhists

History of creation Tripitaki originated in the seventh century BC, after reaching the parinirvana of Buddha Shakyamuni. The sacramental knowledge of Buddhists was handed down only in oral variant Prote at the Fourth Buddhist Council was sung to increase the engraving of Buddhi, and Tripitaka bula was written on papyri made from palm leaves. Shards of this sacred book were written down by my fallen, in the whole world there is the same way under the name "Paliyskiy canon".

This sacred book is composed of three main parts - "three koshikiv":

1. Wine-pitaka - Cat of rules of conduct; in this part of the Paliysky canon, rules and norms of behavior for chentsiv and chentsiv were assigned, as if they had promised a worldly life and live at Buddhist monasteries

2. Suttanta-pitaka - cat infusions; in this part of the Tripitaka there were written down the Buddha, as a duty to follow both young people and laity. In the Suttanta-Pitaku itself, the key dogmas of the Buddhist religion are described.

3. Abhidhamma-pitaka - cat of doctrines; before it enters not the confession of the Buddha himself, but the work of his teachers and followers, dedicated to the mystic of meditation. In this part of the Paliysky canon, texts related to psychology, that knowledge, ethics, and philosophy are revered.

Vedi - the sacred book of Hinduism

Lead, without a doubt, one can name one of the oldest sacred books of religions of the world, the remains of the first part of the bula were recorded as early as the 16th century BC. The sacred texts of Hinduism in the original were written in Sanskrit, and more knowledge, presented in this book - samhiti (collections of mantras for religious rites and prayers) and comments and explanations before them. Vіdpovіdno to vіruvannya іnduїstіv, Vedi buli folded by people, and sent to people by the gods through the holy sages. The sacred book of Vedi is composed of several Vedas:

1. Rig Veda - giving hymns; at the place of mantras, as if waving at the prayers of the head clergy. On the thought of the dosledniks, the Rig-veda and from linguistics, and for the richness of the richly sleeping with the sacred book of ancient Iranians - Avesta

2. Yajur Veda - vіdannya sacrificial formulas; at this part of the sacred book of Hinduism, mantras are placed, as it is necessary to perform the hour of sacrifice rituals, as well as manrts for reading the hour of the conduct of practically all Vedic rituals

3. She-knew - listening to melodies; Mantras are recorded in the Samaveda, as the clergy sing at the hour of worship, and it is necessary to sing the skin mantra at the singing rhythm

4. Atharva Veda - casting a spell; in this part of the sacred book are described as ceremonies and rituals, and respect is attached to the everyday life of the ancient Hindus. In this Veda, there are records of medical deeds, zokrema, signs of causes and methods of healing low ailments, as well as methods of preparing otrut, razor arrows, dim veils and other.