The middle of living Few people in the capital's cities of the world were not so spared by the climatic place of living, like St. Petersburg. Of the largest megacities, the population of which overwhelms a million people, St. Petersburg is the largest. Vin is on the 60th parallel

IV thousand years before the stars. e. to be famous for the development of the culture of the Sumerians, who live near the Tigris and Euphrates on the territory of present-day Iraq. The culture of the Saggigivs (black-headed - that's what the Sumerians called themselves) became the basis for the development of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations, and also plunged into the development of all people. For two thousand years, the Sumerian culture fell into oblivion, the language ceased to get used to everyday life (having become more priests for liturgical services) and gradually became oblivious.

The Sumerian civilization developed in the old equal places-powers:

• Akkad,
• Kish,
• Lagash,
• Nippur,
• ummo,
• Uruk;
• Babylon, the youngest and most famous.

The rise of the Sumerians was significantly greater, lower in other modern civilizations, the people were a great trading partner for wealthy peoples.

The main achievements of the civilization of the Sumerians:

1. wineyshli deyaki ways of metal processing;
2. vigadali pottery kolo;
3. created the first wheel of carts;
4. they came up with astrology and spivvens carried their gods from the planets, 12 suzir'їv that yogo with a splash to get the share of the people;
5. learned how to be richly overhead, beautiful temples and places (as if they were without any system, they were surrounded by a hard wall);
6. there were aqueducts for supplying water to the city;
7. they learned how to do it in dozens, and then they learned how to do it better in dozens (12 each), they divided the doba for years, hvilini, seconds;
8. the first to write down people's language. On the back they transmitted information by knots and notches on trees. Then they blamed the pictography, or the little ones, de spochatka one symbol meaning one word, but the step-by-step stylization, the simplification and the unification of the little ones, shrugged off the sharpness of the letter, as if it turned into an ideographic-rebus. So, clay tablets and special sticks were used for records, then symbols appeared at the sight of wedges, and such a sheet began to be called cuneiform. Itself on such ceramic tiles, scho to m_stat vіdomosti about the rіznu gospodarsku dіyalnіst, and dіyshli donіnі original vіdomostі about the culture of the Sumerians. Step by step, the little ones began to be replaced by the phonetic principle: they invented signs for the recognition of sounds and warehouses, and the cuneiform itself became international;
9. 9. wrote first sings, elegies, sayings about gods;
10. created the first libraries and systematized them in catalogs.

Important!Until what hour in the evening they talk about the adventures of the Sumerian clerk: there were no such things in the other civilization of the world.

Religious manifestations of saggigov

The ancient Sumerians respected the gods as their patrons and were with them in line with the principle “I am you, you are me”, so that the gods are the essence of life, which could bring a gift, and the stench of anatomy gave like life benefits. the wins at the wars are too much. Temples (ziggurati) were not like a dwelling for the deities, but like a place of sacrifice, but as intermediaries for people and the gods were the priests.

Tsіkavo know! The temples were located in the center of the settlement on the mist of the front spores and were a high rich complex, on top of which gifts for God were left. Than the deity could be better, the temple was more powerful, and the way to the mountain was more important.

Usіh Sumerian gods can be divided into 2 groupie:

1. mіstsevі patrons of small territories;
2. can guardians of great places.

The peculiarity of the deities is that their power did not expand beyond the borders of their settlements. The gods were filled with human rice, at the bright hour they were busy with the shares of their children, and at night they slept.

The main Sumerian deities:

• an (Annu) - the god of heaven and the ancestor of the entire Sumerian pantheon, he could help both people and other gods, but with an evil vdacha. Guardian of Uruk.
• Enlil was respected by the god of the winds and the entire expanse of the whole expanse, who, without respect for the nekhtuvannya by people, gave him a motive and an instant increase in the yield of the soil, being the patron of Nippur.
• Nanna (Sin) is the smut deity of Ur.
• Utu (Shamash) was the son of Nanni, standing up for Sippar and Larsa, being the god of the sun.
• Inanna (Ishtar), the patroness of Uruk, the goddess of kohannya and victories.
• Dumuzi (Tammuz) is the man of the goddess of the kohannya, who was the god of the leader of all the roslins. Having died and resurrected the shoroka.
• Nergal was venerated by the Volodar of the sweating world.
• Thunderstorms and storms were raped by Ishkur (Adad).
• Women-goddesses were the squads of the head gods and servants of the underground light.

The Sumerians respected that people were spending a short time with the world of the living, and then we would go to the gloomy sweating world of Kurs, on the way there were three servants (bramnik, servant of the underground river, and chovnyar). After the court, he died, prikavsya on the hopelessness of the base of the darkness, chomping on dust and clay. The Sumerians themselves respected the reasons why they needed to live a happy earthly life, and in order to brighten up a gloomy sweaty reason, then forget about yourself here. For whom there were various cultural reminders, deeds from which they have lived to this day.

In this rank, the civilization of the Sumerians was high-ranking, wealthy with the achievements of the people, they are crowned with dos.

The Sumerian civilization is considered one of the most ancient in the world, however, why did such a civilization grow up in the present? Today, we will tell about the details of the deacons, and I will ask the Sumerians about those who adopted them.

It is for good reason that the hour and the month of the march of the Sumerian civilization dosie are deprived of food for scientific discussion, it is unlikely that it will be found, even if the number of gerel, that they have saved, is marginalized. Until then, through today's freedom of speech, that information on the Internet is filled with conspiracy theories, which complicate the process of searching for the truth with scientific knowledge. Behind the data accepted by the greater part of scientific development, the Sumerian civilization was already founded on the cob of the VI millennium BC in Pivdenniy Mesopotamia.

The main source of information about the Sumerians is cuneiform tables, and science, as they are known, is called Assyriology.

As an independent discipline, the won took shape only until the middle of the 19th century with the improvement of English and French explorations in Iraq. From the moment of the birth of Assyriology, the scientists had to fight with non-government and nonsense, like specialties, like they could advance to science, and with their powerful colleagues. Zokrema, the book of the Russian ethnographer Platon Akimovich Lukashevich "Charomutia" tells about those that the Sumerian language resembles the common Christian language "istotnoi" and the great Russian language. We'll try with you to try to find nasty evidence of extraterrestrial life and spirituality on specific works of contributors Samuel Kramer, Vasyl Struve and Veronika Kostyantinivna Afanasiev.

osvita

Let's start from the foundations of everything - from the enlightenment of that history. Sumerian cuneiform is the largest contribution to the history of modern civilization. Interest in learning the Sumerians is from III yew. BC In the other half of III yew. BC rozkvіt shkіl, yah, there are thousands of transcripts. Schools, okrіm osvіtnіh, boules and literary centers. The stench was cremated in front of the temple and was an elitist mortgage for the boys. The teacher stood on the choli, or “father of the school” - ummia. Botany, zoology, mineralogy, grammar, and even looking at the lists were taught, so that the support was robbed on cramming, and not on the vibration of the system of thought.

Sumer tablet, Shuruppak

Among the practitioners, the schools were so, that they “would use the whip”, maybe, for the motivation of the students, they were guilty of obov'yazkovo to keep the day busy.

Until then, the readers themselves had not been beaten by assault and punished for a skin pardon. It’s good that you can always buy it, even the readers won a little and were not against “gifts”.

It is important that the training in medicine took place practically without the introduction of religion. So, on the knowledge of the table with 15 prescriptions for medical preparations, there is also a magical formula of religious access.

Everyday life is that craft

If we take as a basis a number of stories about the life of the Sumerians, then we can make whiskers, that labor activity was in the first place. It was important that you are not working, but walking in parks, then you are not only a person, but not a person. That is why the idea of ​​practicing as the main official of the evolution was accepted by the innermost inspiring ancient civilizations.

It was customary for the Sumerians to respect their elders and help their family in their activities, such as work in the field, or trade. The fathers were small enough to wag their children correctly, so that you would tell about them in old age. For this very reason, the message (through the song and the saying) was so valued, that letter transmission of information, and at the same time, the transmission of information from generation to generation.

Sumerian gleck

The Sumerian civilization was agrarian, through which the state power and agriculture developed at a remarkably fast pace. They founded special "calendars of the landowner", as if they avenged themselves for the sake of the correct state, the order and management of the practitioners. The document itself was written by a digger, the shards of the stink were unwritten, later, vin visions from illuminating purposes. There are a lot of thoughts that the motif of an outstanding dredger was not less honored than the plow of the city dwellers.

Crafts gained great popularity: the Sumerians made use of the technology of the potter's stake, forged tools for the silskogo state, were glassware, led the art of casting and soldering of metals, as well as the inlay of expensive stone. Before women's crafts, it was time to weave a master, brew beer and take up gardening.

Politics

The political life of the ancient Sumerians was even more active: intrigues, wars, manipulations and the introduction of divine powers. New recruitment for a gargantuan historical blockbuster!

In the modern politics, few plots were saved, connected with wars between places, which were the most political center of the Sumerian civilization. Of particular interest is the discussion about the conflict between the legendary ruler of the city of Uruk En-Merkhar and his opponent from Aratti. I will win in the war, which I didn’t grow up like that, far away to take care of the additional help in the psychological struggle against the victorious threats and the manipulation of the svidomistyu. The skin ruler, having guessed riddles to another, trying to show that the gods are on his side.

The internal policy was not less cirque. Іsnuє proof that in 2800 roci BC. the first elections of the bicameral parliament, which was formed for the sake of the elders of that lower chamber - from the bulk of the human status. On the new one, the food of the war was discussed for the world, what to talk about the key meaning for the life of the place-power.

Place of the Sumerians

By the way, he was either a secular, or a religious emperor, who, for the existence of parliamentary power, himself virishuvav key nutrition: vigilance of war, lawmaking, collection of taxes, struggle against mischief. However, this power was not respected by the sacred and could be knocked down.

The legislative system, for the knowledge of the current judges, including a member of the US Supreme Court, was already enforced and fair. The Sumerians respected law and justice as the basis of their suspense. The very stench of the first replaced the barbaric principle of “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” with a penny fine. Krim of the ruler, the judge of the accused could gather the bulk of the locality.

Philosophy and ethics

As Samuel Cramer wrote, he sent those orders "the best way to break the shell of cultural and buttovyh groping of the soul." On the basis of Sumerian analogs, one can say that food, that they are turbulent, did not worry about ours: vitrati and saving money, real money and wine shopping, wealth and wealth, moral virtues.

There is a need for natural philosophy, among the Sumerians until the III millennium, having developed a number of metaphysical and theological ones to understand that the religions of the ancient Jews and Christians were deprived of traces, there were no leaks of clearly formulated principles. The main manifestations were the food of the light. So, the Earth seemed to him a flat disk, and the sky - an empty expanse. And the light rises from the ocean. The Sumerians had little sufficient intellect, but they didn’t get scientific data and critical thought, so the stench took their look at the world as correct, without placing any doubts on it.

The Sumerians recognized the creative power of the divine word. For dzherel about the pantheon of gods, a barvysta is characteristic, but the manner of rozpovidi is illogical. The Sumerian gods themselves are anthropomorphic. It was important that the people were created by the gods from clay to satisfy their needs.

Divine forces were recognized as ideal and honest. Well, the evil caused by people was inevitable.

After their death, they drank the stench in the sweat, called Kur in Sumerian wine, and the “man of the chute” transported them to it. You can clearly see a tight link from Greek mythology.

In the creations of the Sumerians, one can catch clues of biblical motives. One of these is the idea of ​​a heavenly paradise. The Sumerians called paradise Dilmun. Especially tsіkaviy zv'yazok z bіblіynim creations of Eve from the ribs of Adam. Goddess Nin-Ti explained what can be translated as “the goddess of the rib”, and as “the goddess who bestows life”. Wanting to understand that due to the similarity of the motives of the goddess’s name, it was wrongly translated, the shards “Ti” mean at the same time “rib”, and “that bestows life”. So in the Sumerian legends there was a great flood and the mortal man Ziusudra, as if the majestic ship was behind the gods.

A part of them succumbed to the Sumerian plot of the dragon's driving in, the zvez'yazyk zv St. Georgiyem, who pierces the serpent.

Ruins of ancient Sumerian m.Kish

The invisible contribution of the Sumerians

What is it possible to make a visnovok about pobut ancient Sumerians? The stench not only made an inestimable contribution to the further development of civilization, but behind some aspects of their life they fully understood modern people: they stink a little about morality, honor, love and friendship, a little good and fair judicial system, today they stuck together with a lot of knowledge.

Today's rise to the culture of the Sumerians, like to a richly faceted and unique phenomenon, which transmits a detailed analysis of the signs and decay, giving the opportunity to take a different look at our current sight, to understand the significance of that greatness, the richness.

If you knew a pardon, be kind, see a fragment of the text and press it Ctrl+Enter.

Sumero-Akadsk culture

Historian S. Kremer named his book about ancient civilizations "History begins in Sumer" and in such a manner he made his contribution to the super river about those, as the territory gave the world the first center of sovereignty: Mesopotamia (Dvorichcha or Mіzhrіlіachchya Nilu) or . In the present hour, we are trying more and more proofs that all the same, the palm of the hand was traced to Sumer itself, a small, albeit hostile to the point of dawn, the reach of various galuzahs of culture and power, the history of which for the rest of the tribute began already in the 6th millennium. Sumer having united the significant centers of the Russian culture of the Dvorichcha (Ur, Eridu, Lagash, Uruk, Kish) and, judging by the evidence, waking up to about 2294, if the king of Akkad, the second sovereign establishment of Mesopotamia, Sargon I, was the whole of Sumer. As a result, a single power was established with its deep cultural traditions. The Akkadians, the cultural achievements of which were signifi- cantly sacrificed to the Sumerians, gladly took on the various influences of the Sumerian culture. Later, the Sumerian-Akkadian culture was more important than the Sumerian culture.

The Sumerian kingdom was the greatest power. To the wealth of its own goiter, the most intensive development of the strong state, crafts (especially related to the processing of metal) and trade. The Sumerians with pride noted in their epic that “the stink - praise the gods - they went far into the wildness, that they have a motika with a mid-tip, like a stench to dig up the stubble, so that the mid-lemish can go deep into the ground to the plow, the midna juice - cut bushes , medium sickle - squeeze bread; є they have barges, which shvidko forge on the water, oarmen, on command, trim the required pace; є ports, embankments, where merchants from overseas lands bring wood, wool, gold, silver, tin, lead, copper, stone for life and expensive stone, resin, gypsum; є maisternі in them, beer is brewed, bread is boiled, flax is sticky and weaves from new robes, we forge bronze, weddle and sharpen templates, sokiri; є in them sheds and cattle-sheds, de shepherds milk thinness, churn butter; є in them ribnі rates, in some povno koropіv and perch; є canals, including water pumps, which transfer water to the fields; rilli, which grow spelt, barley, millet, peas, buds; The stench of the threshing floor, the high ground, the green gardens...”. It is not surprising that the Sumerians themselves came up with the first piece of everyday material - ceglas, shards of stone and wood were very few. Vshanovuyuchi gods and zvertayuchis before them with prayers, the Sumerians did not share in blessings alone, they themselves continued, experimented, tried to know the best way to win, be it. For whom the Sumerians were truly a great people.

They gave the Sumerians the opportunity to win and imaginative art of conveying important moments in their history. The axis, for example, is the image of the Sumerian warrior near the march, which was saved for digging in the mosaic slab of Ur. Twіr is created by an unparalleled technique reliefі mosaics. (Relief is the name of the type of sculpture, in which the image is reminiscent of the background to the plane.) War is depicted on one side, and on the other - a benguet of victory. On the basis of these images, one can easily show what the Sumerian military was. The Sumerian warriors did not yet put on their bows, but the stench still small shkiryan sholomy, shkiryan shields and harnessed with kulans of fighting visor on the saddle wheels, and the musicians with lyres in their hands unfailingly accompanied the holy day.

Sumerians created cuneiform, The oldest type of writing, a different type of ideographic, meaningful writing Step by step convey information little (pictography) used similarity with the object that is depicted, with a mentally-symbolic meaning. In this way, cuneiform was born from pictography, which is cuneiform signs, which are applied to tablets from water clay. The Sumerians were the first to write down the miraculous dream sayings in cuneiform writing, becoming the founders of literature. One of the most famous literary works of the ancient Sumerians is the immortal epic poem “The Song of Gilgamesh”. Її hero, Gilgamesh- The Sumerian king, who tried to bestow immortality on his people.

The art of cuneiform meant great mastery and long-term thorough understanding of yoga fundamentals. It is quite natural that the Sumerians were the first to create schools, they transferred the school systems of the Greeks, Romans, and Middle Europe. Tsі Sumerian schools, the first svіdomih osvіtnі laid the foundations of the history of culture, were called " booths of signs". Maybutnіh clerks - children "in the house of tablets" - teachers of trimals at suvorost, about which we can judge by the text, revealed on one tablet, to avenge the numerical scarga of learning for the hard school life. But all the same, happy were those who, having finished the “booths of the tablets”, the same stench occupied even a high, huge camp and became rich and spitting people.

On the Mesopotamian culture, a strong influence was imposed by Dovkil, nature. Here, at the sight of Egypt, which is developing in parallel, the people constantly stuck with the fortune-telling manifestations of nature. The Tigris and the Euphrates are not similar to the Nile: the stench can be poured out quickly and unperturbed, rowing rowing and flooding the soil. Here there is a haze of specious winds that hoot the people with a saw and threaten to strangle them. Here go angry, to wrap the solid surface of the earth in the sea with a grove and allow the person to move freely. Here, in Mesopotamia, nature is impoverished and angered by the people, giving it to everyone, it’s worthless.

The peculiarities of nature forced the Sumerians to form pictures of a new world. The great rhythms of the cosmos with its powerful majestic order were overwhelmed by the posture of respect; but this order is not safe and calm. To this very reason, the swindler of Sumer gradually realized the need for the day that zakhistu. Social institutions, such as a family, a community and especially a power, virazed their own kind. The power here was a variant of primitive democracy, and the ruler could become the ordinary person behind the social adventures. The Sumerian "List of Kings" envisions among the rulers a shepherd, a fisherman, a shipbuilder, a stonemason and to build a cherubal for a hundred (!) Rokiv taverns. The drawings of collectivism are strong in the Sumerian culture, which in their mythology inspire the gods to accept decisions collegially, by way of the vote of the most powerful gods.

Sumerian mythology is oriented on the earth, miraculously harmonizing with rational, logical ideas, ruling over the people. Practicality and intellect among the Sumerians dominate over simple sabbons. The whole universe is looked upon by them like a power, in such a rumor it can invariably act as the greatest honesty. It is not surprising that among the Sumerians "good life" looked like "early life". The Sumerian hymn was saved, which describes the Golden Age as a century of hearing, like “days, if one did not fight differently, if the son was shanuvav the father, days, if the lady lived in the country, if the little one sang the great, if the younger brother sang the elder brother, if the elder son instructing the young son, if the young one followed the order of the elder.” Life wisdom suggested that otherwise they simply could not survive. The person in the manifestations of the Sumerians was created for service. The practician of the zavzyat and hearing of the instant rozrokhovuvat on prosuvannya, on the signs of mercy that hedges from the side of his master. In this rank, the path to the obedience of that good service, the path to the well-being of the defender, and also the path to earthly success, an honorable camp in the welfare of those other blessings.

Another fundamental problem that occupied the ancient Sumerians was the rightfulness of death, as they saw it as an evil punishment. Why is the person guilty of dying, because she didn’t do anything nasty? Tim more, that the realism and rationality of the Sumerians' light-gazer included whether they were hopeful for a happy sweaty life. In the famous epic about Gilgamesh, the hero seems to be: “... Only the gods with the Sun will live forever, and the people are blessed with yoga rock, even if they are robbed, it’s all wind!” As a result, the dream about eternal glory replaces the dream about immortality. Gilgamesh chimalo the light of the world, hoping to know for his people that he was dying of immortality and eternal youth, but knowing the blows. And now the main task is to celebrate yoga heroic acts. We have a thought that death is evil, but it can’t re-baptize the value of life. Death, even if it marks the end of life's way, but nebi nibi nіbi nіbi nіbі nіbі tоbuє people live wisely and comprehended, in order to deprive the memory of yourself from the hearts of people. Slid to die in the fight against evil, build up in the fight against death. The city for the price - "im'ya" that vdyachna memory nashchadkіv. At whom the Poles, from the look of the Sumerians, are immortal people. Whom has a sense of life. People to rob the first try to morally fix death, start a rebellion against death. Not in the same way in Sumerian mythology, dreams about the golden age of humankind and the paradise of life sounded in the past, but later they knew the development of biblical sayings.

They oppose the sciences of the Sumerians. Sumerian priests systematically carried out guarding over nature. For example, in Ur, a register of astronomical signs was revealed, as they were seen for 360 years. On the basis of these, a warning was inserted that the river is 365 days, 6 years, 15 hvilin, 41 seconds. Sumerian astronomers were familiar with these celestial bodies, which are collapsing in their mighty orbits. This number gave him the eternal order of the world. Our day itself is there for this, and not for nine days. 7 was one of the sacred numbers of ancient Sumerians. Such numbers were 12, 60, 360 for them, and it’s not unusual that today we have 60 minutes in a year, and 60 seconds in a quarter. Not vipadkovo th those scho mi dilimo kolo 360 degrees outside, but more already on the scale of that second. The Sumerian doba was divided into 12 years, and on our anniversary, the numbers, as a rule, are less than 12. The successes of the Sumerians in mathematics are opposed to the dos: they knew the steps in the foot, they saw the root, they were shot with a shot, they praised in the middle of the tenth row of numbers. The stench of the geometrical laws knew perfectly well: all Euclidean geometry is either a retelling of the Sumerians’ evidence from this gallery, or a confirmation of what the stench knew.

The stench was sure to mark the day of the month of that sleepy rock, the hour of the spring and autumn eve. Well, obviously, behind the camp of the stars, behind the ruin of the planets, the stench tried to find out about the future. They had a deep faith that nothing on earth could exist without it not being in heaven. Without knowing it themselves, they became the founders of astrology.

Truly majestic in the Sumerian culture was the role of the priest - the mediator between the people and the god. In the old days, the priests, judging by the reliefs and the images on the signets, served the gods with golim. Later, the stench began to dress up at the Vilna llan’s shati. The headline obov'yazkom shodo bogiv was the sacrifice. At the hour of the sacrifice, prayers were offered for the well-being of the sacrificer. Chim generous buli give, Tim urochishy ceremonial. Specially trained priests accompanied thunder to pray on lyres, harps, cymbals, flutes and other instruments. Priestesses roamed about with priests, as if they did not always give the house of purity. Navpaki, before їх obov'yazkіv included "serving the goddess with the body." Temple prostitution was sharpened with a halo of holiness, and profits from it increased the riches of the “house of God”.

To deserve respect and to spread by the Sumerians the legal norms that govern all spheres of life. The Sumerian laws, clearly formulated and based on tradition, were the innovation of quiet hours. Exactly those who were responsible for these laws were to be taken care of by all the hulks.

The first legislator and champion of justice in the history of Sumer was the ruler of Uruinimgin (the last third of the 4th millennium), the first king-reformer of human history. By the power of the established laws of the wines, it was brought about that the priest "did not get into the garden of the mother of the poor," that, like "I throw down the blue of the poor, no one will take away the fish". Became the king on behalf of Shulga as a follower of Uruynimgin. Shulga clave and vvіv at the diyu vlasne zvedennya zakonіv. Vin also tried to make justice the basis of life, to overcome lawlessness and lawlessness, saying about those that “the orphan did not become a victim of riches, the widow - the victim of the strong.” In the opinion of the doslidnikov, the zvedennya zakonіv Shulgi served as a sign for the latest legislators and us for the king of Babylon, Hammurabi (XVIII century BC).

The citations about the family life of the Sumerians were saved. The head of this vvazhavsya father, whose word is of little virishal significance. Batkivska vlada was a miniature copy of the tsar’s sovereignty, with a singing world, she portrayed the stosunki between the gods and those piddanim. And yet the role of the mother was even more honorable. As a norm, a monogamous club, a de cholovik and a team, could be equal partners, protected by a club contract. They were too great: the middle one had two or four children. The Sumerians loved children, talked about them, respecting them with their holy bindings, and continued to victorious and navit that, if the child turned into a faggot.

The culture of the Sumerians cannot be revealed without art. For us, it is necessary to signify access to the gallery of the place. The Sumerians began the life of fortified places, honed walls, richly overlaid bundings and richly stepped parts. ziggurativ- temples-vіvtarіv (nadals - typical temple spores of Ancient Mesopotamia), yak became a part of the complex of sacred budіvels, honed by the wall and inaccessible to people. Zikkurati were built from chains, lined with glazed tiles. For its construction of the ziggurat of the bula, the Babylonian tower is famous, the life of which ended already in the Babylonian period. Zikkurati were often victorious for the needs of priests, as they were engaged in mathematics and astronomy.

The Sumerians are an artistically gifted people. Regardless of those who had little stone in the country, the stench created an original stone sculpture. Statues of kings, victims, warriors were erected in temples. At the last hour there are statues made of diorite, such as, for example, images of the famous king Gudea (bl. 2300 BC). Tsya sculpture, which looks like simplicity and uncomplicatedness, is even more striking, to speak about the great mastery of the creator. The Sumerians also made plastics in metal, earlier victorious gold in combination with lapis-black, silver, mother-of-pearl and bronze. In Ur, in the royal tomb, where seventy courtiers were buried by the king at once, the English archaeologist L. Buli revealed maisterno vikonnі koshtovnostі, zbroi, high-quality musical instruments, chotiricolіsnі vіzki, metal figurines thinly.

The Sumerian sayings, which over the years have grown to the latest epic literature, including those in the Bible, were a simple retelling of podias. Prote, having gone through a few stages, until the end of the III millennium BC. Sumerian literature has already taken its toll on modern literature. The diversity of the genres and poetic devices, the emotional motivation of the heroes, the original metrical form of the works, the wide spread of the effects of the tragic and the comic, the philosophical depths of the deep - all this is to talk about the talent and innovation of the nameless authors. They are in order of epic and first in the history of lyrical creations. The Sumerians themselves are respected by the authors of the first elegies.

The cultural reach of Mesopotamia was richly assimilated and creatively transformed by land peoples, including the Greeks and ancient Jews. Acts of the legend of the Sumerian epic became the basis of the Bible. The human being, inspired by the Sumerian epic, was made of clay, just like the biblical human being. The biblical paradise of rotting in the territory of Mesopotamia. In the Sumerian epic, there are news about the all-world flood, about Noah with Sim'eyu (of course, in the Sumerian epic, a new name was born - Utnapishti), about the place of Yerichon, about Babylonian I tell only. The life of Sargon I even guesses the story of the prophet Moses: the stinks of insults were found in childhood near the coastal chagars, insults became great kings not without divine will.

The list of examples can be continued, like, vtim, and rozpovid about the culture of the Sumerians in a flash. The goal was the greatest culture, the achievement of which was born by other civilizations of Mesopotamia: Babylonian, Assyrian and Chaldean.

The transition to farming and animal husbandry, having moved us in front of the region of the Near Skhod. There, already at 6,000, great settlements were founded, and the Meshkants led them with the secrets of farming, pottery weaving and weaving. Until the turn of the 3rd yew. in this region, the first civilizations began to take shape.

As it was intended, the founder of anthropology, L.R. Morgan, won the concept of "civilization" for the purpose of identifying the highest stage of the development of society, lower barbarism. Science understands civilization victoriously for the recognition of the stage of the development of society, de іsnuit: place, class society, power right, writing.

These rices, like revitalizing civilization in the first era, originated in 4 thousand years. and completely manifested themselves in the 3rd yew. BC e. in the life of people who have mastered the valleys of the rivers, who flow in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Late, in the middle of 3 yew. Civilizations began to take shape in the valley of the river Ind (on the territory of present-day Pakistan) and in the valley of the river Huanghe (China).

The process of the formation of the first civilizations from the butt of the Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is easy.

Irrigation farming as the basis of civilization

Mesopotamia (Mizhrichchiam) the Greeks called the lands between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, like on the territory of modern Iraq flowing parallel one to one. In Mesopotamia, the people who were called the Sumerians, having created the first civilization in this region. Vaughn woke up the rest of the 3rd yew. and became the base for the development of other civilizations in the region, we will give way to the Babylonian culture of the 2nd and 1st yew. to the sound e.

The basis of the Sumerian, like all other similar civilizations, was agricultural agriculture. The rivers brought a mule from the upper pits. Grains, thrown into a mule, gave high vrozha. Ale, it was necessary to learn how to water too much for the hour of bottling and to supply water for the hour of dryness, that is, to dry the fields. Irrigation is called irrigation. In the world, the growth of the population, people have had to add additional land plots, establishing foldable irrigation systems.

Іrigatsіyne farming became the basis for civilizational development. One of the first results of the development of the industry was the increase in the number of people living in the same city. Now, dozens of ancestral communities, that is, a few thousand people, lived together, having created a new cohesion: a great territorial community.

In order to improve the folding system of irrigation and secure peace and order in the environment of a large population, we needed special organs. Thus, the vinikla power - the institution of government and government, which stood above the usual ancestral communities of the district and overcame two internal functions: the state government and the socio-political government (support for the community order). For the administration, knowledge of that knowledge was needed, that of the clan nobility, which accumulated the skills of administration within the clan, a category of people was formed, which established the functions of state administration on a permanent basis. The sovereign power expanded over the entire territory of the district, and this territory was full of song. Zvіdsi viniklo and іnshe meaning of the understanding of the power - the singing of the territorial conscience. It was necessary to defend its territory, so the main function of the state became the defender of its territory in the face of foreign threats.

Appearing in one of the settlements, management bodies, whose power expanded throughout the entire district, turned the settlement into the center of the district. The center became visible among other villages with rosemaries and architecture. Here were the most buddіvlі secular and religious nature, the most actively developed craft and trade. So the places appeared.

In Sumeria, a place with an adjacent rural district was founded for a long time independently like a place-power. On the cob of the 3rd yew. such Sumerian places-powers, like Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Kish, had up to 10 thousand. residents In the middle of the 3rd yew. the size of the population grew. For example, the population of the state of Lagash exceeded 100 thousand. chol. In the other half of the 3rd yew. a number of mist-powers were united by the ruler of the city of Akkad, Sargon the Ancient, in the kingdom of Sumer and Akkad. Prote ob'ednannya buv mіtsnim. The largest metropolitan areas were founded in Mesopotamia only in the 2nd and 1st yew. (Old Babylonian kingdom, Assyrian state, New Babylonian kingdom, Persian state).

Suspіlny device

Yak was ruled by the city of Sumer in the 3rd yew. The emperor stood on the top (en abo ensі, then lugal). The power of the ruler was surrounded by folk gatherings and a bunch of elders. The postupovo settlement of the ruler from the elective stage of the recession, wanting to take a long time, the procedures were taken to confirm the right of the son to take over the post of father by popular elections. The formation of the institution of the recessionary government was due to the fact that the ruling dynasty had a small monopoly on the proper administration.

An important role is played by the formation of the recessionary power of the engraving process of the sacralization of the emperor's special features. Vіn stimyuvavsya tim, shcho іmperator poddnuvav svіtskі sіlіgіynіnіnіnіnії, oskolki religiіv vіbіvіvі closely intertwined with virobnichоu magicіy. The main role of engraved is the cult of family, and the emperor, as the head order of the state robits, having victorious rites, calling for a good harvest. Zokrema, having repaired the rite of the “sacred shroud”, which was carried out in advance of the day's work. As if the deity of the place was a smut, it was like a cob of cob, then the ruler himself entered the priesthood from it, as if a man - then the daughter of the ruler's squad. Tse gave the emperor's sim's special authority, її respected the nearest and god's god, lower sim'ї. The deification of rulers for the Sumerians was atypical. Only for example 3 yew. rulers wanted to honor themselves with living gods. They called them so officially, but they don’t cry out that people believed in those that they were ruled by the living gods.

The unity of the secular and religious authorities was sealed by this furnishing, that the community had a single administrative, gospodar and spiritual center - a temple, a house of God. At the temple, the temple state was established. At the new one, they saved up stocks of grain for insuring the bulk of the population against the sudden birth. On the temple grounds there were seen little houses of garden houses. Most of them were replaced by administrative and religious functions, so they are called priests.

From the temple reserves there was another category of people, who were seen in the masses - professional craftsmen, who created their products. Weavers and potters played an important role. The rest were shaping pottery on a potter's stake. Livarniks melted copper, smelted gold, flooding them with sweat in clay forms, crushed bronze, but it was not enough. Significant part of the production of remіsnikіv and surplus grain went to sales. The centralization of trade in the hands of the temple administration allowed vigidnishe to purchase those goods, which were not in Sumer itself, that tree was thrown ahead of us.

At the temple, a group of professional warriors was also molded - the germ of a standing army, like small daggers and write-offs on the armored midi. The Sumerians built battle chariots for the leaders, harnessing donkeys to them.

Іrigatsiyne agriculturism, even though it did not take place collective work to create a zroshuvalny system, at one time allowed the main lord's center to grow the support of the patriarchal family. Kozhna sіm'ya practiced on the vіdvedenomu їy dilyantsі zemlі, іnshі relatives didn't lessen the right to the result of pracі tsієї sim'ї. The family's power to vibrate the product vinified that which the skin family could produce on its own, and that did not need to be determined by the re-spreading of the product within the genus. The presence of private power on the vibration of the product of work was lowered from the daily total private power on the ground. Behind the manifestations of the Sumerians, the earth lay in wait for the god - the patron of the community, and people were no longer quarreled with it, offering sacrifices for it. Thus, the religious form retained collective authority over the earth. The communal land could be leased for a fee, but there are no firmly established options for the sale of the community to private power.

The appearance of family power has taken away the guilt of Mayne's nervousness. Through dozens of life reasons, some of them became richer, others became poorer.

The most important source of nervousness was professional differentiation in the household: wealth was concentrated in front of us in the hands of the administrative elite. The economic basis of this process was the appearance of a supplementary product - excess in food products. The more superfluous, the more it fit into the managerial elite to attract one part, having created their own chi and other privileges. Before the singing world, the elite has little right to privileges: managerial practice is more qualified and more qualified. Ale step by step, otrimane according to merit, became a source of income, inconspicuous merit.

The emperor's family was seen to be rich with its wealth. About tse svіdchat pohovannya middle 3 yew. in Ur. Here is found the tomb of the priestess Puabi, interred with a retinue of 25 people. At the tomb, miraculous fillings were found and embellished with gold, sribl, emeralds and lapis lazuli. Among them there is a crown made of golden flowers and two harps, decorated with sculptural images of a beak and a cow. The bearded wild bik is the specialization of the Ursk god Nanni (the god Misyatsya), and the wild cow is the specialization of the squad of Nanni, the goddess Ningal. Tse allow me to think that Puabi was a priestess, a participant in the ritual of the sacred slub with the god Month. Pohovannya zі retinue - rіdkіst і pov'yazanі z yakoyu already significant podієyu.

The nature of embellishment shows that the nobility already lived in other lives. Forgive me, people at this time were satisfied with something small. The clothes of a man were folded up with bandages on the quilts, the women wore backs. Vzimku up to tsyogo adding a cloak. I was idle: barley shortbread, beans, dates, riba. The meat was eaten by the saints, tied from the sacrificed creatures: people did not dare to eat meat without sharing with the gods.

Social razsharuvannya gave rise to conflicts. The most serious problems were blamed on the same, if the community members lost their land and dragged them into bondage to the rich through hardship to turn the borg. In quiet valleys, if the masses were threatening great conflicts, maddened by Borg bondage, the Sumerians zastosovuly sounded, calling it “turning to the mother”: the ruler, turning the land plots of bondage, turning the foundations of the land plots of the land to the first slaves, the slaves.

Later, the Sumerian society had mechanisms, like they stole the members of the community in the exercise of their will and the means for the foundation. However, in a new category of ill people, slaves. The first and main source of slavery were inter-community wars, so that people who were strangers to the community became slaves. Less than women were taken in full. People were killed, more importantly they were trimated by the submissive (there are few slaves in the hands of those who acted against the list). Women-rabbins worked at the temple state, and they gave birth to children, as they became temple workers. They were wrong people, but they couldn’t be sold, they were trusted with their own. Vіd vіlnyh stink vіdznyalis tim, scho could not take away allotted communal lands and become full members of the community. In the world, the growing number of people began to take in full that people. The stinks practiced at the temples and near the family states. So the slaves were sold, but the stench, as a rule, did not recognize the zhorstkoї exploitation, the shards of the won gave rise to the insecurity of the insurrection that caused them to waste. Slavery in Sumer is not much more important than the patriarchal character, so that the slaves were looked at as young, illegal members of the family.

These were the main figures of the suspіlnogo arrangement of the Sumerian mist-powers of the first half of the 3rd yew.

spiritual culture

Writing. We know about the Sumerians because they blamed writing. The growth of the temple dominion having grown the important appearance of the earth, the reserves of grain, thinness. bud. Qi consumption became the reason for the creation of writing. The Sumerians began to make records on clay tablets, which hung on the sun and became more numb. Tablets were given to the Donin by the great kilkost. The stench has been deciphered, at least for an hour or so.

On the back of the sheet, the maw looked like stylized small pictograms, which signified the most important objects of that day. Foot sign meaning "go", "stand", "bring" thinly. Such a sheet is called pictographic (little) or ideographic, shards a sign conveying the whole idea, image. Then signs appeared for the recognition of the root words, warehouses and other sounds. Shards of signs were seen on clay with a wedge-shaped stick from a reed, so the Sumerian leaf of a woman was called cuneiform or cuneform (cuneus - wedge). It was easier to see the signs of the Bulo, lower to paint with a stick on the clay. It took six hundred years for a sheet of badges to transform into a system for transmitting folded information. Tse became close to 2400 BC. e.

Religion. The Sumerians went from animism to polytheism (rich gods): from the spirituality of that shanuvannya of the natural phenomena to the belief in gods as greater essences, the creators of the world of that people. Skin is not enough of its head patron god. In Urutsi, the supreme god buv An is the god of the sky. In Urі - Nanna, the god of Moon. The Sumerians started to commemorate their gods in the sky, wondering what the gods themselves would watch over the light and guard them. Heavenly, or dawning (astral) character of the cult, promoting the authority of the deity. Step by step the Sumerian pantheon was formed. Yogo became the basis: An - the god of heaven, Enlil - the god of wind, Enki - the god of water, Ki - the goddess of the earth. The stench represented the chotiri of the brand, in the thought of the Sumerians, the elements of the all-world.

The gods of the Sumerians showed themselves as anthropomorphic characters. Special temples were consecrated to the gods, de zhertsy chanted the singing rites. Krіm khramіv kozhna sіm'ya small clay figurines of gods and trimala їх at the booth near special niches.

Mythology and literature

The Sumerians folded and wrote down a lot of myths.

On the back of the head, the myths were created in the dream form. Ale with the development of writing vinikli and writing variants of myths. Fragments of records that were saved can be seen until the other half of the 3rd yew.

Vіdomy kosmogonіchny myth about the creation of the world, zgіdno with some primary element of the world, like water chaos or the great ocean: Having done nothing, having created wine, I have created a law. At the top of the ocean, the sky god An was born, who is depicted with a horned tiara on her head, and the goddess of the earth Ki. Other gods came out of them. As can be seen from this myth, the Sumerians did not have little evidence about the Creator God, who created the earth and everything is alive on earth. Nature looked like water chaos forever, or, at the last stop, until the appearance of the gods.

An important role was played by myths, connected with the cult of kinship. Before us, there is a myth about the ruler on behalf of Dumuz, which is the reach of the love of the goddess Inanna and Tim, having secured the family of their land. Ale potim, Inanna drank to the underworld, and in order to get out of it, she sent Dumuzi to replace herself there. Six months on the river, sitting near the underground. At this month the earth became dry in the sun and did not give birth. And on the day of the autumn equal day, a holy new fate came: Dumuzi came out of the underground and entered the company of friends with a squad, and the earth gave a new harvest. Shchoroku at the places of Sumer was appointed sacred shlyub mіzh Іnanna and Dumuzi.

This myth gives a statement about the establishment of the Sumerians before the end. The Sumerians believed in those that after death their souls fall into the underground world, from which there is no way out, and it is richer there, lower on the earth. To that earthly life, the stench looked like a naive city, like the gods bestowed on people in exchange for the service of the gods. The Sumerians themselves created a statement about the underground river, as between the underground world, that about a carrier, who was to transport the souls of the dead there. The Sumerians had the beginnings vchennya about the fee: I drink pure water that is calm in the underground world, we take away the wars that perished in battle, and also the rich fathers Pollpshit their lives can be and the correct funeral rites.

An important role for the formation of the light-gazer of the Sumerians was played by the heroic chi epic myths - sayings about heroes. The biggest myth about Gilgamesh, the ruler of Uruk in the XXVII century. Five stories about Yogo's exploits were saved. One of them went to Lebanon for a cedar tree, at the hour of which Gilgamesh drove in the protection of the cedars of the command of Humbabu. Others evoke defeats over the stingy beak, the Veletensky bird, the enchanting snake, the intercourse with the spirit of his dead friend Enkidu, who spoke about the gloom of life in the underground world. At the onset, the Babylonian period of the history of Mesopotamia, a whole cycle of myths about Gilgamesh will be created.

Over a hundred and fifty monuments of Sumerian literature have been seen in the blink of an eye. Among them are the crime of myths, hymns, psalms, merry-love songs, funeral laments, laments about social hardship, psalms in honor of the kings. Povchannya, super-dialogues, tales, anecdotes, sayings are widely represented.

architecture

Sumer is called the civilization of clay, more in architecture, as the main material, victorious clay was used. There are few sums of heritage. In the Sumerian civilization, there was not a long-awaited monument of architecture that was saved. The architecture can only be judged by the fragments of the foundations and the lower parts of the walls that have been preserved.

The most important tasks were the life of the temples. One of the early temples of excavations near the Sumerian city of Eredu and lie down to the end of the 4th yew. This straight-cut spore with cegli (clay with straw), at the ends of which there were, on one side, a statue of a deity, and on the other side, a steel for sacrifice. The walls are embellished with protruding shoulder blades (pilasters) to make the surface articulated. The temple was placed on a platform with a stone, the shards of the mіstsevіst bula swampy and the foundation was sagging.

The Sumerian temples quickly collapsed, and just like the stones of the ruined temple they robbed the platform and put a new temple on it. So step by step until the middle of the 3rd yew. having built a special Sumerian type of temple - a skhіdchasta vezha. ziggurat). The biggest sight is the ziggurat in Ur: the 21-meter-high temple of the zavvishka standing on three platforms, embellished with kahls and with ramps (XXI century BC).

Sculpture is most importantly represented by small figurines made of soft stone, which were placed at the niches of the temple. Few statues of deities were saved. The largest view of the house is the head of the goddess Inanni. From the statues of the rulers, a few sculptural portraits of Gudeya, the ruler of the city of Lagash, were preserved. The sprat of wall reliefs was saved. Relief on the stele of Naram-Suen, onuk of Sargon (circa 2320 BC), de king of images on the Choli Viysk. The figure of the king is larger than the figures of warriors, over his head the signs of the Son of that Moon shine.

Glіptika, carving stone - the form of applied art is loved. The carving worked on the druks, a bunch of flat ones, then cylindrical seals appeared, they burrowed through the clay and covered the friezes (a decorative composition in a seemingly horizontal smog).

On one of the seals there is a relief depicting King Gilgamesh at the sight of a mighty hero with a curly beard. The hero fights with the left, with one hand he streaks the left, which he is standing on, and the other one embeds the dagger of the hizhakov in the scruff of the neck.

About the high rіven, the development of jewelry, celebrate the fortune-telling, and embellish Puabi - a harp, a crown of golden colors.

painting represented mainly by painting from ceramics. Images allow you to judge canons. The person was depicted as follows: the face of that leg is in profile, the eye is in front, the toelub is 3/4 open. The figures are short. The eyes of that vuha are depicted as great.

The science. The masters of the Sumerians conceived the development of mathematical, geometrical, astronomical knowledge. To carry out the appearance of the temple reserves, the Sumerians created two systems of rahunka: ten and sixty-ten. I offended the donins. Sixty tenths of a year was saved at a counting hour: in 1 year 60 minutes, in 1 hour 60 seconds. The number 60 was taken to the fact that it was easily divided into many other numbers. It was easy to divide by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30. Consume, connect with the laying of zroshuvalnyh systems, control the area of ​​​​irrigation, and life of the buds led to the creation of the foundations of geometry. Zokrema, the Sumerians vikoristovuvali Pіthagoras theorem for 2 yew. rokіv before, like її formulated by the Greeks. Ymovіrno, the very stench itself was the first to cut the stake at 360 degrees. They kept watch over the sky, showing the position of the light from the pouring rivers. We saw different planets and suzir'ya. Particularly respectfully followed these luminaries, tied with deities. The Sumerians made standards for entry into dovzhini, vaga, square and obsyagu, vartost.

Right. The order of the moment is less than that, as if it were the rule of all laws, i.e. obov'yazkovi vikonannya norms. The collection of obov'yazkovih norms, which are protected by the power of the state, is usually called law. The right to blame before the appearance of powers and in sight zvichaїv - norms formed from the improvement of tradition. Prote with the appearance of the power to understand the "right" zavzhd pov'yazane with the sovereign power, the shards of the power itself officially establish and protect the legal norms.

In the III Dynasty of Ur, before us, deyshov, although not new, the most recent of the most important laws, folded by the ruler of Shulgi, the son of Ur - Nammu (XXI century BC. E ..). The laws protected the main and special rights of the citizens: the fields of the community members from flooding, from flooding with courts through non-balance, from the line order; handed over the compensation of the master for the brisket, the reward to his slave; they stole the right of the squad to a penny compensation from a separation from a person, the right of the betrothed to the betrothed after paying the father's gift to the other. It is obvious that these laws were spiraling on the trial of the legal tradition, which did not reach us. The legal tradition of the Sumerians is small in terms of religion: it was important that the gods themselves created a set of rules that they could follow.

The fall of the Sumerian civilization

Close to 2000, the III Dynasty of Ur fell under the blows of the new wind of the Semitic tribes. The Semitic ethnic element became dominant in Mesopotamia. The Sumerian civilization, as a matter of fact, all the main elements of its culture continue to live within the framework of the Babylonian civilization, which took the name of the name of Babylon - the head city of Mesopotamia in the 2nd and 1st yew. BC e.

The Babylonians took the system of the cuneiform sheet from the Sumerians and for a long time they victorious already dead Sumerian language like language, step by step transferring to the Semitic (Akkadian) language Sumerian scientific, legal, religious documents, as well as monuments of Sumerian literature. The Sumerian recession itself helped the most important king of the Old Babylonian kingdom, Hammurabi (1792 - 1750 BC) to create the most important laws of the Old World, which consist of 282 articles, which regulate in detail all the main aspects of life. The Babylonian tower is famous, which became a symbol of the New Babylonian kingdom, which was founded in the middle of the 1st yew. BC e., it was also a direct recession of the steps of the Sumerian ziggurats.

bottling wine

Sumerian ceramics

First schools.
The Sumerian school of vinyl and developed to the appearance of writing, the very cuneiform, the perfected vinyl that became the most important contribution of Sumer to the history of civilization.

The first written memos were revealed among the ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk (biblical Erech). Here they knew about a thousand small clay tablets, covered with a pictographic sheet. From a large number of the government and administrative records, in the middle of them, a piece of initial texts appeared: lists of words for memorization to remember. Tse to tell about those who are less than 3000 years before c. e. The Sumerian copyists were already busy with the food of the school. With the advance of the advancing century, Erech on the right developed in full, prote until the middle of the III millennium BC. c), for Sumer). Imovirno, it was the basis of a string of schoolchildren for the systematic study of reading that letter. At the ancient Shuruppak-pa of the Sumerian batkivshchina ... at the hour of excavations 1902-1903 pp. a significant number of tablets were found from school texts.

From them, we know that the number of professional clerks in that period reached a few thousand. The squeaks were divided between the young and the older: they were copying tsar’s and temples, copying with a higher specialization in one region and copying with high qualifications, they occupied important state estates. All the same, let me imagine that all over Sumer it was scattered impersonally to collect great schools for copying and that these schools were given chimale significance. However, even from the tablets of the thієї epoch, they still do not give us a clear statement about the Sumerian schools, about the system and methods of teaching in them. In order to take such information, it is necessary to turn to the tablets of the first half of the II millennium BC. e. From the archeological ball, which confirms this epic, hundreds of initial tablets with strong instructions, written by the students themselves for an hour of lessons, were scribbled. Here you can see all stages of training. Such earthenware "zoshiti" allows you to read a little about the system of teaching, adopted in Sumerian schools, that about the program, as it was taught there. Fortunately, the vikladachi themselves loved to write about school life. A lot of these records were also saved, even in urivkas. To write down the notes and the headings of the tablets, to complete the information about the Sumerian school, about the task of that number, about the teachers and teachers, about the program and teaching methods. In the history of humankind, there is only one trend, if we can find out so much about the schools of the past era.

First of all, the school of education in the Sumerian school was, so be it, purely professional, so that the school is guilty of preparing rewrites, which are necessary for the state and administrative life of the country, the head rank for the palaces and temples. Tse zavdannya was left with the central broach of the last line of Sumer. With the development of a merezhі shkіl. and also, in the world, the expansion of the primary programs of the school step by step becomes the center of Sumerian culture and knowledge. Formally, the type of a universal "scientist" is a specialist in the fields of knowledge of that era: in botany, zoology, mineralogy, geography, mathematics, grammar, and linguistics, rarely appearance. poog^shahi knowledge of one's own ethics. and not epochs.

Nareshti, on the basis of the current primary foundations, the Sumerian schools were their own literary centers. Here they did not lose much time and rewrote the literary memos of the past, and they created new things.

Most of the uchniv, yakі finished qі schools, became scribes at palaces and temples, or in the dominions of rich and noble people, however, one part of them devoted their life to science and writing.

Similar to the university professors of our days, a lot of these ancient scientists earned their living by vikladatsky activity, devoting their free time to achievements and literary practice.

The Sumerian school, which is a bit of vinyl, maybe, like an appendage to the temple, has been cremated for a year in a new way, and її the program has been nabul in the main day of the secular character. For this reason, the teacher's teacher's work was paid for the salary of foreign students.

Zrozumіlo, in Sumeri, there is no vulgar, no obov'yazkovy navchannya. Most of the scholars looked like rich and varied families - even if it was not easy for the poor to know the hour and pennies for a trivalent scholar. Although the Assyriologists long ago made such a vision, it was more than a hypothesis, and less in 1946. The German Assyriologist Nikolaus Schneider zoomed in on strong proofs that are grounded on the documents of that era. On thousands of published gospodars and administrative tablets, which lie until about 2000 p. BC That is, about five hundred names of clerks are guessing. Bagato from them. In order to hide pardons, they put their father in the order of their names and showed them their profession. Having resolutely sorted out all the tablets, N. Schneider, having established that the fathers of these were rewritten, - and all the stinks, as you understand, began in schools, - there were rulers, "fathers of the city", envoys, as if they were guarding temples, military leaders, captains of courts, other taxes, officials, priests of various ranks, contractors, illustrators, rewriters, savers of archives, rachivniki.

In other words, the fathers of the copyists were the most possible citizens of the city. Tsikavo. that in the same fragments the name of the female clerk is not mentioned; maybe. In Sumerian schools, only lads started.

On the top of the school, standing ummia (significant teacher), who was also called the father of the school. The teachers were called "the sons of the school", and the teacher's assistant was called the "big brother". Before yoga obov'yazkіv, zokrema, included the preparation of calligraphic plates-zrazkіv, as if later they rewrote the texts. Vіn same perevіryav vіryav vіvіvі zavdannya zmushuvav uchіnіv rozpoіdati vіvcheni them lessons.

Among the vikladachivs, they were also a teacher of painting and a teacher of the Sumerian language, a mentor, a kind of scolding for excellence, and so titles of volodiyat and a “leaf” (obviously, a visualizer, a kind of a teacher of discipline at school). It is important to say who among them is more respected by rank. We only know that the "father of the school" was the actual director. We don’t know anything about dzherel іsnuvannya school personnel. Mabut, "father of the school" paid a piece of skin yoga for the top sumi, which came up to pay for the education.

If there are school programs, then here, before our services, the richest information gleaned from the school tablets themselves is a fact, truly unique in the history of old. To us, we have a mute to the indirect Svіdchen Abo to the creative of the older car: Mi Maєmo in his own Rosophyadenn, Children's Schedule, Pershoklasnichi Vіd Karakulіv "Perschoklasnikіv" І Zakіnchuyi "Vipusnikіv" robots, Skіlki, Scho ї ї Ski, Vіdrizni Vіd sign, written by Viklands.

Qi robots allow you to establish that the course of study is for the two main programs. The first was hard for science and technology, it was a literary friend, it developed creativity.

Speaking about the first program, it’s necessary to add that it wasn’t already pointed out by a burning desire to know, to the truth. Tsya program step by step was formed in the process of writing, the main meta was similar to the teaching of the Sumerian writing. For the purpose of the main task, the Sumerian teachers created a system of teaching. based on the principles of linguistic classification. The lexicon of the Sumerian language was subdivided by them into groups, supporting the words and using the language of the tongue. Tsі ґruntі slіv were memorized and ієrenuvalys doti, the docks of the uchnі did not sound out independently. Ale up to III thousand years before stars. school texts began to gradually expand and gradually changed into more and less stable textbooks, accepted by all the schools of Sumer.

In some texts, there are long lists of tree names and outlines; in others - the names of all pkivikh istot (creatures, comakhs and birds): in the third - the names of the country, town and villages; in the fourth - name stones and minerals. Similar lists tell about the significance of the information of the Sumerians in the gallery "botany", "zoology", "geography" and "mineralogy" - an arcane and small fact. who have only recently turned back the respect of the scientists, who are engaged in the history of science.

Sumerian educators also created all kinds of mathematical tables and compiled collections of tasks, accompanying skin-related decisions and recommendations.

Speaking about linguistics, it should be noted that special respect, judging by the numerical school plates, was attached to grammar. The majority of such tablets are old lists of collapsible names, descriptive forms, etc. It is not worth talking about those that the grammar of the Sumerians was well broken up. Late, in the last quarter of the III millennium BC. That is, if the seven of Akkad gradually conquered Sumer, the Sumerian teachers created the first "dictionaries" for us. On the right, in the fact that the seven conquerors adopted not only the Sumerian writing: they also highly valued the literature of ancient Sumer, took away that vivchali її monuments and inherited them, if Sumerian became a dead language. Tsim i bula viklikana is needed by the "dictionaries". de davavsya translation of the Sumerian words and viraziv into the language of Akkad.

Let's go back now to another initial program, like a little literary trick. The study of this program was mainly in memorization and rewriting of literary works of the other half of the 1000 BC. That is, if the literature was especially rich, as well as among the inherited ones. There were hundreds of such texts, and maybe all the stinks were created in a range of 30 (or less) up to 1000 rows. Judging by the silence of them. yakі far away folded and deciphered. These creations fell to different canons: myths and epic sayings of the verses that glorify songs; Sumerian gods and heroes; laudatory hymns to the gods; kings. cry; zruynovanyh, bible places.

Sered Literary tablets and їх іїlomkop. vityagnutyh from the ruins of Sumer, richly hto є shkіlnі piї, rewritten by the hands of scholars.

We still know little about the methodology and technique of writing in the schools of Sumer. Vranci, having come to school, the students took apart the tablet, which they wrote in advance.

Potim - the elder brother, who was the assistant to the teacher, preparing a NEW tablet, as the scientists began to sort out and rewrite. Older brother. and also the father of the school, maybe, the last time they went after the robot of the uchniv, pereviryayuchi, chi stink correctly rewrite the text. Undoubtedly, that the successes of the Sumerian scholars of the significant world lay in their memory, and those of their helpers were not able to accompany the dry lists of words with their explanations. tables and literary texts that are rewritten by scholars. Ale tsі lektsії, yakі could give us an inestimable help when cultivating the Sumerian scientific and religious thought and literature, maybe, they were not written down, and then spent forever.

One thing is undoubted: the teaching at the schools of Sumer at the presence of nothing sleepy from the modern system of education, if the knowledge gained by the significant world is acquired through initiative and independent work; the teacher himself.

Good discipline. it could not do without a club on the right. As much as possible, scho. not being concerned about the students' desire for success, the Sumerian teachers nevertheless relied more on the zhahliva deya club, as they punished the mitt as much as not heavenly. I went to school today and just there from early morning until evening. Singingly, like a vacation ruled the rock, then we can’t get any good information. Navchannya was terrified of fates, the child caught up to pretend to be a young man. tsіkavo boulo would marvel. chi small Sumerian scientists can choose a robot for another specialization. and that's how it is. then what a world and at what stage of learning. However, about tse, yak and about a lot of other details. dzherela shut up.

One at Sippar. otherwise, in Ur. Ale so. that a great number of tablets were found in the skin s of cih budіvel, the stench may not be disturbed by anything in the splendid living budinkіv, and that our zdogad can be pardoned. Tilki vzimku 1934.35 p. French archaeologists have discovered two stones near the city of Mary on the Euphrates (at the entrance to Nippur), yak for their roztashuvannyam and features clearly є shkіlnimi classes. The stench was saved by rows of donkeys with scorched caegles, rozrohovani one, two or two students.

But what did the scientists themselves think about that school? What would give the food, if I wanted to, I would not be sure. Let's go back to the onset of division, in which a text about the school of life in Sumer, writing mayzhe chotiri thousands of years, and more recently, selections from numerical urivkіv and arreshti translations are introduced. This text is given, zokrema, it is clear about the recognition between teachers and teachers that is the first unique document in the history of pedagogy.

Sumerian schools

reconstruction of the Sumerian oven

Baby seals-2000-1800

about

Sribna model chovna, shashkova gra

Ancient Nimrud

Pobut Sumer, rewriters

Boards for writing

Cool room near the school

Plow-sowalka, 1000 BC

Vinny lyoh

Sumerian literature

Epos about Gilgamesh

Shumer ceramics

Ur

Ur

ur

Uruk

Uruk

Ubeid culture

Medium relief with images of birds Imdugud from the temple in El-Ubeid. Sumer

Fragments of fresco paintings at the Palace of Zimrilim.

Mary. XVIII Art. to the sound e.

Sculpture of the professional spivak Ur-Nin. Mary.

Ser. III yew. BC e

Miraculously with a lion's head, one of the seven evil demons, who was born in the Mountains of the Skhodu and lives in the pits and ruins. Vіn viklikaє rozbrat and ailments among people. Genii, both evil and good, played a great role in the life of the Babylonians. І yew. BC e.

Kam'yana carved bowl with Ur.

III yew. BC e.

Silver heels for donkey harness. Tomb of Queen Pu-Abi.

Lv. III yew. BC e.

The head of the goddess Ninlil - the squad of the god Misyatsya Nanna, the patron of Ur

Terracotta figure of a Sumerian deity. Tello (Lagash).

III yew. BC e.

Statue of Kurlil - head of the granaries of Uruk. Early dynastic period, ІІІ yew. BC e.

Vessel from the images of creatures. Susie. Kin. IV yew. BC e.

Stoneware with colorful inlays. Uruk (Varka). IV yew. BC e.

"Biliy temple" in Urutsi (Vartsi).

The outlines of living houses of the Ubeid period. Modern reconstruction. National park of m. Ktesifona

Reconstruction of a private booth (inner courtyard)

Ur-royal grave

Pobut

Pobut

Sumer bring the lamb for sacrifice

More IV thousand years before the stars. That is, near the middle part of Mesopotamia on the territory of present-day Iraq, between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, a temple is formed at that hour the culture of the Sumerians (the self-name of the people of Saggig is black-headed), yak potim bula was subdued by the Babylonians and the Assyrians. At the turn of the III-II millennium BC. e. Sumer fell, and in an hour the Sumerian mova was forgotten by the population; Yogo was known only by the Babylonian priests, ce bula mova of sacred texts. On the cob II millennium BC e. the first place in Mesopotamia to go to Babylon.

Entry

In the midst of Mesopotamia, where the state power was widely held, the ancient places-powers of Ur, Uruk, Kish, Umma, Lagash, Nippur, Akkad sprang up. The youngest of the cities of Babylon, awakening on the birch of the Euphrates. The greater part of the city was founded by the Sumerians, and the ancient culture of the Dvorichya was usually called Sumerian. Ninі їх are called the "great-grandfather of the modern civilization" The rose of the mist-powers is called the golden age of the old power of the Sumerians. This is true both in the literal and figurative meaning of the word: here objects of the most attractive butt-marking and armor were made from gold. The culture of the Sumerians already pushed into the further progress not only Mesopotamia, but also the whole of mankind.

Tsya culture viperedzhala development of other great cultures. Nomads and trade caravans carried news about her from us.

Writing

The cultural contribution of the Sumerians is not limited by the methods of processing metals, preparing wheeled carts and a potter's stake. The stench became the culprits of the first form of human movement recording.

At the first stage, there was a pictography (little ones), that is a sheet, which was formed from small ones and, more, symbols, which meant one word or understood. The combination of these little ones conveyed the information in the letter form. In the meantime, Sumerian orders to talk about those that, before the disappearance of the little leaf, there was an even more ancient way of fixing the thought - tying veins on the motuz and notches on the trees. At the next stages, the stylization of the little ones was introduced (for the most part, to complete the report plate of a solid image of objects in the Sumerians, step by step to move to the current non-pure, schematic or symbolic image), which made the process of writing sad. The whole place ahead of time, the protégés of such writing, like before, became obscured. Zavdyaki okremi okremi symbols can be victorious sprat times. So, for rich folds to understand, they didn’t have their own signs and navit, in order to recognize such a sight, like a tree, the rewriter had to drop the symbol of the sky - the star and the symbol of the water - the breeze. Such a sheet is called ideographic-rebus.

Historians are aware that the very formation of the management system led to the appearance of writing in the temples and royal palaces. This ingenious wine has been traced, perhaps, to the merit of the Sumerian temple officials, who, for the sake of simplification of the registration of the state's visits, have perfected pictography for trading purposes. Records were scattered on clay tiles or tablets: rectangular sticks were pressed onto the soft clay, the lines on the tablets were small, the characteristic appearance of wedge-shaped depressions. In general, the entire writing was written with a mass of cuneiform marks, and therefore Sumerian writing is usually called cuneiform. The most recent tablets with cuneiform writing, which became the number of archives, avenged the records of the temple state: contracts for rent, documents about control over the vikonuvannaya robot and registration of comrades that were found. Tse found in the world of writing memos.

Over time, the principle of pictorial writing became replaced by the principle of transferring the sound side of the word. Hundreds of signs appeared, which signify warehouses, that splinter of alphabetic signs, which signifies letters. The stench was victorious mainly for the purpose of identifying service words and particles. Writing was a majestic achievement of the Sumero-Akkadian culture. The Vaughn was thrown back and rolled by the Babylonians and expanded widely throughout the whole of Asia Minor: cuneiform was written in Syria, ancient Persia, and other powers. At the II thousand years to the stars. e. cuneiform becoming an international system of writing: її knew that the Egyptian pharaohs were victorious. At the I thousand years to the stars. e. cuneiform becomes an alphabetical sheet.

Mova

For a long time, they considered that the language of the Sumerians was not similar to the life of living and dead people living and dead, so the food about the journey of which people became a mystery. Until the present time, the genetic links of the Sumerian language dossi have not been established, but more of them are allowed, which is the language, just like the language of the ancient Egyptians and the inhabitants of Akkad, lie down to the Semitsko-Khamitskoї movnoї group.

Close to 2 thousand. BC e.

Culture and religion

In ancient Sumer, the coils of religion were almost materialistic, but not "ethical", root. Early Sumerian deities 4-3 yew. BC acted in front of us as a giver of life's blessings and prosperity. The cult of the gods maw on the mark is not "cleansing and holiness", but the calls of the buv to secure a harvest, the successes of the future. - mere mortals moved for themselves, temples were built, sacrifices were made. The Sumerians insisted that everything in the world should belong to the gods - the temples were the place of the gods, the goiters sing about the people, and the granaries of the gods were the comoros. Most of the early Sumerian deities were established by the gods, whose power did not go beyond the borders of a small territory. Another group of gods was made by the patrons of the great places - the stench of the mighty, the lower mystical gods, and they scurried about the places. Nareshti gods, who knew those who were worshiped at all Sumerian places.

In Sumer, the gods were like people. In their mutual relations, wooing and fighting, anger and vengeance, deceit and anger. Significant among the gods were welding and intrigues, the gods knew love and hate. Like people, the stench took care of the right in the day - they saw the share of the world, and at night they moved away to the calm.

Shumer's hell - Kur - gloomy dark underground light, on the way where there were three servants - "the man of the doors", "the man of the underground river", "the carrier". Nagaduє ancient Greek Haid and Sheol of the ancient Jews. There, a person passed through the court, and on the new check there was a frown, a frown on the ground. People come to their world for a short time, and then we know at the dark pasture of Kura. In the Sumerian culture, for the first time in history, people tried to morally overcome death, to understand it as the moment of transition to eternity. All the inhabitants of the Dvorichcha were savage to the living: living, they wished well-being and health for a skin day, a progeny of that happy zamіzhzhya for daughters, far away car's for blues, and that at home "beer, wine, that all good was not consumed" . The posthumous share of the people was less and seemed to them to be total and unimportant: even the dead - dust and clay, the stench of "do not get light" and "live in darkness".

Sumerian mythology also has myths about the golden age of humankind and paradise life, which over the years have risen to the religious manifestations of the peoples of Western Asia, and later - to biblical plots.

The only thing that can brighten up the foundation of a person near the underground, keep the memory of the living earth. The people of Mesopotamia were stricken from the deep end, who needed to deprive himself of the memory of the earth. The memory of the found is saved from the sporudzhenih monuments of culture. The very stench, created by hands, by the thought of that spirit of a person, became the spiritual values ​​​​of the people, these lands, and rightly, they robbed their own hard historical memory. Take a look at the Sumerians, as seen by rich piznіshih religions.

Most powerful gods

An (in Akkadian transcription Anna) The god of the sky and the father of other gods, just like the people themselves, they asked Yogo for help when needed. Vіdomy is unimportant to them, and with evil windings.

Patron of the city of Uruk.

Enlil God of the wind, wind and the whole expanse of the earth up to the sky is also placed before people and the lower deities with knowledge, however, he wins the wind and gave її to people and wandering like the patron of the earth and family. Yogo head temple was known to the city of Nippur.

Enki (in the Akkadian transcription Ea) The protector of the place of Eredu, like a god of the ocean and fresh underground waters.

Other important deities

Nanna (Akkadian syn) God of the month, patron of the city of Ur

Utu (akkad. Shamash) Sin Nanna, patron of the town of Sippar and Larsi. Embracing the ruthless power of the hanging sleepy speck and at the same time sleepy warmth, without some kind of impossible life.

Inanna (akkad. Іshtar) Goddess of birth and carnal love, she bestowed victorious victories. Goddess of the place Uruk.

Dumuzi (Akkad. Tammuz) Cholovik Іnanni, the son of the god Enki, the god of the leader of that growth, died and resurrected.

Nergal Lord of the kingdom of the dead and the god of the plague.

Nіnurt Patron of valiant warriors. Sin of Enlil, who is not the mother of a wet place.

Ishkur (Akkadian Adad) God of thunder and storm.

The goddesses of the Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon sounded like the guards of the mighty gods, or like a deity that specializes the death of that underground world.

In the Sumerian religion, the most important gods, in honor of them, ziggurati temples were sporadzhuvali, represented in the human form of the gods of the sky, the sun, the earth, driving the storm. At the skin place, the Sumerians worshiped their god.

Priests acted as an intermediary between people and gods. For the help of witches, spells and magical formulas of the stink, they tried to touch the will of the celestials and convey it to the common people.

Stretch 3 yew. BC the setting to the gods gradually changed: new figures began to be attributed to them.

The significance of sovereignty at the Dvorichchi was marked by the religious manifestations of the inhabitants. The deities, as a special feature of the cosmic forces of nature, began to accept as great "heavenly leaders" and then, as the natural elements, that "giver of blessings." At the pantheon of gods, the secretary god appeared, the god who carried the throne of the lord, the gods-brahmniks. Important deities were spіvvіdnesі z different planets and suzirs:

Utu - from the Sun, Nergal - from Mars, Inanna - from Venus. To this, all the townspeople were stunned by the camp of lights in the sky, they were mutually roztashuvannya and especially the place of "their" stars: it was inevitable that the life of the city-state would change its population, that prospered and unfortunate. Thus the cult of the heavenly bodies was step by step formed, the astronomical thought and astrology began to develop. Astrology was born in the middle of the first civilization of mankind - the Sumerian civilization. It was about six thousand years ago. The Sumerians cherished the 7 closest planets to the Earth. Having poured them into the Earth, looking like the will of the Deity, who lives on this planet. The Sumerians first remembered that the change of the camps of the heavenly bodies in the sky calls out the change to the earthly life. Keeping track of the dynamics of the dawn sky, which is constantly changing, the Sumerian clergy constantly wept and continued to pour in the rush of heavenly bodies on earthly life. Tobto stench spіvvіdnosalis life on earth with the ruin of heavenly bodies. There, in the sky, there is harmony, harmony, consistency, legality. The stench made such a logical visnovok: if the earthly life will be more convenient by the will of the Gods, who live on the planets, then a similar order and harmony will be found on the Earth. The prophecies of the future were to be raised to the heights of the camp in the sky of stars and suzir'їv, to the weeds of birds, the guts of creatures, as if they were to be sacrificed to the gods. People believed in the wisdom of the human lot, in the power of the people to the greater forces; they believed in those that supernatural forces are always invisibly present in the real world and manifest themselves as a secret rank.

Architecture and everyday life

The Sumerians were blessed with richly-topped budinki and miraculous temples.

Sumer was the land of the mist-states. The greatest of their ruler, who was the head of the priest at the same time. The places themselves were forgotten without a proper plan and were surrounded by a golden wall, which reached a significant community. Zhitlovi budinki of the city dwellers were straight-cut, two-topped with an obov'yazkovy inner courtyard, and sometimes with hanging gardens. There was a sewage system at the rich boudinkas.

The center of the place is a folded temple complex. Vin including the temple of the head god - the patron of the city, the palace of the king and the temple garden of the state.

The palaces of the rulers of Sumer held their peace and fortress. The palace was covered in mud. To supply water, aqueducts were arranged near the palace - water was supplied by pipes, hermetically insulated behind additional bitumen and stone. The facades of the great palaces were embellished with carved reliefs, which, as a rule, depict scenes of watering, historical battles with the enemy, as well as the greatest battles for the strength of those creatures.

The early temples were small upright boudins on a low platform. In the world of that, as richly and prospered the places, the Daedals became bigger and more majestic temples. New churches were built at the houses of the old ones. That is why the platforms of the temples were constantly enlarged by the hour; vinik singing type of budіvlі – ziggurat (marvelous fig.) – a three-seven-step pyramid with a small temple on the mountain. All descendants were rozfarbovuvalis in different colors - black, white, red, blue. The building of the temple on the platform was guarded by yoga from the wind and the pouring of the river. To the upper vezhі there were wide descends, sometimes there were a few descents from different sides. The vezha could be topped with a golden dome, and the walls were lined with a glazed whole.

The lower tensile walls were concessions and ledges, which were swept away, which created a group of light and darkness, and brightly increased the wakefulness. At the sanctuary - the head place of the temple complex - there was a statue of a deity - the heavenly patron of the place. Less than zhertsі could enter here, and access to the people was strictly blocked. Under the stele, small windows were ruffled, and mother-of-pearl friezes and mosaics of red, black and white droplets of clay flowers, killed at the cellar wall, served as the head color of the interior. On the steps of the terraces hung trees and chagars.

The most famous ziggurat in history is the temple of the god Marduk near Babylon - the famous Babylonian tower, about everyday life, which is found in the Bible.

The local townsfolk lived at double-topped booths, like a folding interior. The bedrooms were refurbished on a different side, at the bottom there were stones for repairing that kitchen. All windows and doors opened at the inner courtyard, and only blank walls came out onto the street.

In the architecture of the Dvorichcha, colonies are already built from the most recent hours, as they did not play, in fact, a great role, as well as the crypt. Dosit early is the acceptance of the division of the walls with a path of ledges and niches, and navit ornamentation of the walls with friezes, imagining the mosaic technique.

The Sumerians have a stronger arch. This design was found in Mesopotamia. There was no fox here, and the alarmists thought up the power to replace the beam ceiling of the arch or crypt. The arches of that crypt also stagnated in Egypt (not surprisingly, the remains of Egypt and Mesopotamia had little contact), but in Mesopotamia the stinks were blamed earlier, stagnated more often and the stars expanded throughout the whole world.

The Sumerians established the triviality of sleepy fate, which allowed them to accurately orient their life on the other side of the world.

The courtyard was a bіdne stone, and the main budіvelnym material there was a sirec cegla, hung on the sun. An hour without sparing the sporudi. In addition, the places often recognized the fortune-tellers in bulk, in the course of such vshchens the lives of ordinary people, palaces and temples collapsed.

The science

The Sumerians created astrology, they blew the stars on the lot of people who were healthy. The medicine was predominantly homeopathic. Numerical clay tablets with recipes and magical formulas against demonic illnesses have been found.

The priests and magicians won knowledge about the rukh zirok, Mіsyatsya, Sontsya, about the behavior of the animals for the fortune-telling, transferring them to the state. The Sumerians succeeded in prophesying sleepy days and darkening of the months, they created a sleepy-monthly calendar.

The stench made the belt of the Zodiac - 12 suzir'їv, which make a great ring, like the Sun zdіysnyuє its path stretching rock. Vcheni zhertsі folded calendars, counted the terms of monthly obscurations. In Sumer, the beginning of one of the most ancient sciences, astronomy, was laid.

In mathematics, the Sumerians were happy for dozens. Ale was especially stunned by the numbers 12 (a dozen) and 60 (five dozen). Mi dosi koristuєmosya with the fall of the Sumerians, if we take a year for 60 hvilin, hvilina - for 60 seconds, rіk - for 12 months, and colo - for 360 degrees.

The largest early mathematical texts that have come down to us, written by the Sumerians in the 22nd century BC, show a high level of mysticism. The stench of sweeping the tables for multiplication, in some goodness the sixty-decade system has been blamed, to be united with the greater early tenth system. Schilnіst to mysticism was manifested in tsomu, who divided the numbers into lucky and unhappy - to find the sixty-decade system of numbers was a relic of magical manifestations: the number six was considered lucky. The Sumerians created a positional system of notation, in which figure it is accepted otherwise the value of the fallow in the month, if it is taken in a richly significant number.

The first schools were created in the places of Ancient Sumer. The rich Sumerians sent their blues there. Busy spent the whole day. It was not easy to learn to write in cuneiform, rahuvat, rozpovidat the saying about gods and heroes. For non-conforming lessons, the lads recognized the corporal punishment. The one who successfully graduated from school, instantly took the place of a copyist, an official, and became a priest. Tse gave the ability to live without knowing the vigilance.

Illuminated, the person was respected: I’ll be better with a leaf, I’ll sleep, I’ll be with musical instruments, I’ll accept reasonable legal decisions.

Literature

Their cultural achievements are great and unparalleled: the Sumerians created the first in human history, therefore, the “Golden Century”, wrote the first elegies, compiled the first library catalog in the world. Sumerians are the authors of the first and oldest medical books in the world - collections of recipes. The stench was the first to break it down, they wrote down the digger's calendar, they took away the first information about planting plantings.

Before us, there is a great number of memoirs of Sumerian literature, the main rank of copy, rewritten already after the fall of the III dynasty of Ur and which were saved in the temple library in the city of Nippur. It’s a pity, often after the difficult Sumerian literary movement, often after the filthy become of texts (these tablets were found broken into dozens of shmatkiv, which none of them are saved in the museums of different lands) and create only in the last hour of reading.

Most of them have religious hymns to the gods, prayers, myths, legends about the vindication of the world, human civilization and farming. In addition, lists of royal dynasties were kept at the temples for a long time. The lists written by my Sumerian priests of the city of Ur. Especially tsіkavimy є kіlka small sing, scho to avenge the legend about the guilt of farming and civilizations, the creation of which is attributed to the gods. In these poems, there is a note about the equal value of the people of farming and animal husbandry, which, perhaps, vindicates the fact of the recent transition of the Sumerian tribes to the farming way of life.

The myth about the goddess Inana, placed in the underground kingdom of death, that splendid star; at once, turning to the ground turns frozen life. In this myth, there was a change in the vegetation period and the “dead” period in the life of nature.

They also founded hymns, beasts to different deities, historical sings (for example, sings of the victory of the Uruk king over the Gutians). The greatest creation of the Sumerian religious literature has written my most cunningly wise poem about the visit of the ruler of Lagash Gudea to the temple of the god Ningirsu. Tsya poema bula is written on two clay cylinders, leather frills are about a meter long. We took a number of sings of a moral-primary nature.

Literary memoirs of folk art have not been rich before us. We lost such people's works, like fairy tales. Saved less than a sprat of tales and prisliv'їv.

The most important monument of Sumerian literature is a cycle of epic tales about the hero Gilgamesh, the legendary king of the city of Uruk, who, like a screamer from dynastic lists, ruled in the 28th century BC. The mantras of Gilgamesh are reportedly described by the world in search of the mystery of immortality, that friendship with the wild man Enkidu. The text of the great epic sing about Gilgamesh has been saved for the best-looking person to write down with my academician. But the records of the first okremikh bilin about Gilgamesh, which have reached us, cannot be compared to the epos about the Sumerian adventure.

The cycle of tales about Gilgamesh pressed a great infusion on the people of all. Yogo was adopted by the Acadian families, and among them the wines expanded in Pivnichny Mesopotamia and in Asia Minor. I founded the cycles of epic songs dedicated to different heroes.

An important place in the literature and light-gazing Sumerians was occupied by legends about the flood, as if the gods were alive all the time, moreover, the more pious hero Ziusudra, who was roused for the joy of the god Enki the ship, was vryatovany. The legends about the flood, which served as the basis for a biblical legend, took shape under an endless influx of words about catastrophic consequences, like in the 4th millennium BC. e. more than once they ruined a lot of Sumerian settlements.

art

A special place in the Sumerian cultural recession is to lay glіptitsі - carving on an expensive or expensive stone. The impersonal Sumerian printed seals in the form of a cylinder were preserved. Druk roamed over the clay surface and took off the wedge - a miniature relief with a great number of characters and a clear, carefully composed composition. For the inhabitants of Mezhirichchya, another sign is not just a sign of power, but an object that creates magical power. Signets were taken away like talismans, given to temples, placed at the burial place. On the Sumerian engravings, the most common motifs were ritual benqueti with figures to sit at the hedgehog and drink. Other motives were the legendary heroes Gilgamesh and yoga friend of Enkidu, who fight against the monsters, as well as the anthropomorphic position of the human-beak. In the meantime, this style has given way to an uninterrupted frieze with images of creatures, growing up or living that are being used.

There was no monumental sculpture in Sumer. Most often, small cult statuettes are made. The stench depicts people at the prayer position. All the sculptures have big eyes, the stink shards are small, all-seeing eye. Great wuha supported and symbolized wisdom, it’s not like “wisdom” and “wuho” in Sumerian language are denoted by one word.

The art of Sumer knew the development of numerical bas-reliefs, the main theme is the theme of the battles. Individuals in them were depicted at the front, and the eyes - at the profile, the shoulders at the three-quarter turn, and the legs - at the profile. The proportions of human posts were not trimmed. But at the compositions of bas-reliefs, the artists jumped to convey the movement.

Musical art insanely knew its development in Sumer. For more than three thousand years, the Sumerians laid down their song-spells, legends, lamentations, spring songs and others. The first strings of musical instruments - the lyre and the harp - also appeared among the Sumerians. So the stench of the small oboes, the great drums.

End of Sumer

Through the second thousand years, the Akkadian culture changed the Sumerian culture. On the cob II millennium BC e. hordes of Semitic tribes invaded Mesopotamia. The conquerors have conquered their own local culture, and yet they have moved into their own. Moreover, the academic language was turned into an official sovereignty, and the role of the religious cult of science was excluded from the Sumerian one. Progressively known and ethnic type: the Sumerians are divided among the numerous Semitic tribes. These cultural conquests were already carried on by the adversaries: Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Chaldeans.

After the appearance of the Akkadian Semitic kingdom, the religious manifestations also changed: there was a change of the Semitic and Sumerian deities. Literary texts and shkіlnі have the right, which were saved on clay tablets, to speak about the growth of the level of writing of the inhabitants of Akkad. In the reigning dynasty of Akkad (about 2300 BC), the simplicity and schematicity of the Sumerian style was changed by greater freedom of composition, embracing figures and portraiture of devils in front of the sculpture in reliefs.

In a single cultural complex, called the Sumerian-Akkadian culture, the main role was played by the Sumerians. The very stench, in the opinion of modern consciences, is the founders of the famous Babylonian culture.

Two and a half thousand years have passed since the fall of the ancient Mesopotamian culture, and until recently they knew about it only from the confirmation of ancient Greek writers and from biblical retellings. But in the past century, archeological excavations have revealed remembrances of the material and written culture of Sumer, Assyria and Babylon, and this era has stood before us at the entire barbarian glare of that gloomy greatness. The spiritual culture of the Sumerians was left with a lot of unsolved things.

List of victorious literature

1. Kravchenko O. I. Culturology: Navch. help for universities. - M: Academic project, 2001.
2. Emelianov V. V. Ancient Sumer: Drawings of culture. SPb., 2001
3. History of the Old World Ukolova V.I., Marinovich L.P. (Internet vision) Culture of the Age of Renaissance