Caspian sea monster. "Caspian monsters" turn around. The manifestation of the screen effect

In children, revealing the number of the popular Radian magazine “Kateri ta Yachts”, the author of these rows has long been respected on materials about chimeric aparati - half litaki, half boats. Stink mali the mysterious name "ekranoplani". No, youma didn’t get far enough to dance yoga in reality. That and rarely anyone went into it.

Even less at that hour it was quiet, who knew that the ekranoplanitse was not only chimerical, it was possible to move over the water surface, but that the danger of the storm was promising. The SRSR has developed a secret program for the creation of combat ekranoplanes, a few pieces of which were built for the treatment of damage to a squadron of atomic aircraft carriers of the enemy.

The largest lethal device

In the middle of the 60s. The CIA of the United States was shocked by the remaining signs from the satellite spies. In the waters of the Caspian Sea there were beaches Radyansky Union note, a marvelous lethal apparatus, which, with its dimensions, turned over all the possible parameters. Vіdoma and yogo code name – КМ became Nezabar. The local designers encrypted the words "ship-model" from him, but the Americans interpreted it as "Caspian monster".

KM was the brainchild of a prominent designer from Radyansk, a creator of ships on underwater wings, Rostislav Aleksiev. In 1962, an experimental ekranoplan began to be developed in the Yogo Design Bureau. 1966 KM rock was launched from the plant "Chervone Sormovo" near Gorky. At the same time, at night, for the sake of mystery, it was transported to the Volga and the Caspian Sea near the Kaspiisk place (Dagestan ARSR), where it began to be sampled.

At that time, KM was the largest and most important device, so be it if you got up in the air. Yogo dozhina became 92 meters, krill size - 37.6 meters. With the maximum effort, the design weighed 544 tons. For this show of yoga, having turned over only the 80s rock. Radyansky aircraft An-225. KM instantly develop over the water smoothness of the rosemary swedishness up to 500 km / year.

Ideal for commando raids

The ekranoplan has a victorious effect for the flight, similar to a “reinforced pillow”, but the rest is created not by engines, but by an improvement in the windward flow under the krill of the apparatus, which is low to fly. Such a polit vymagaє two head minds: borderline low height and arc even surface of the substrate, which is screened (for example, water surface). Tsі zhorstki obmezhennya є as slabkisty, і by force of lethal devices of this type.

The second hybrid of such a device with a lighter is ekranolit. The essence of the matter is that the wines can collapse in two modes - like a flying one, and an ekranoplane one. To switch to the flying mode, the maximum thrust of the engines is activated. In the screen-plane mode, the aircraft fly with a lowered vitratoy paliva low over the surface, which is screened.

After the first successful trials of the “monster”, the Radyansky detachment entrusted the Design Bureau of Aleksiev to create a landing screen, and later on, a combat missile-carrying ekranoplan.

Ekranolit, which took away the name "Orlyatko", began to be tested in 1972, and in 1979, it was accepted for the formation of the Navy of the Soviet Socialist Republic. This was the only serial combat vehicle of this type in the world. "Orlyatko" could transfer the amphibious assault from a number of up to 200 marine infantry from a total or two armored tracked vehicles with a speed of up to 400 km / year for a distance of up to 1500 km. Vіn ideally suited bi for rapt raids "commandos". Five of these machines were prepared for the Usago, they became the 11th air group without intermediary subordination to the Headquarters of the Naval Aviation.

Rapto nightmare for whatever the fleet

A heavy ekranoplan, which carried a harder rocket fire, could become a “mitt’s death” for the enemy’s military fleet. Ruhayuchis over the water at the height of the entire sprat of meters, the ekranoplane buv bi is unremarkable for radars. It would be possible to show yoga only visually, but at the same time it would be too much work. Having climbed up to the launch of the rocket, the ekranoplan instantly made a strike on the enemy ships and calmly returned. Tse allowed high speed of the apparatus - up to 500 km / year, ten times higher, lower than that of any missile boat, which has the same combat functions.

The laying of the first missile-carrying ekranoplan "Lun" was held in 1983 near Gorky. In 1986, the first factory testing began, and in 1989 the first (and single) copy of the transmissions of the Caspian Flotilla of the Navy of the SRSR. "Lun" nіs six anti-ship missiles of the "Moskіt" class (precise strike range up to 90 km) and maw radius dії 2000 km.

Opening programs

According to the plan of the Ministry of Defense of the SRSR, it was planned to induce 120 "Eagles" and, apparently, a few (because of the results of testing) "Lunya". In 1984, the Minister of Defense, Marshal Dmitro Ustinov, died in 1984, having adopted new technologies. And after the arrival before Vlad Gorbachev, the programs burned down the rest.

Even earlier, the head designer Rostislav Aleksiev himself died for marvelous surroundings. On September 14, 1980, the wine was broken during the testing of the completed passenger ekranoplan. Two surgeries failed, and on the 9th the engineer died. It's amazing that Yogo was sent to the clinic less than 17 September. How fateful is the call, why am I again, like at the vapadka with Sergius Korolov, medical pardons and not far away (or even unneeded) operations?

What is the future of ekranoplanes?

There were no shortage of combat ekranoplans. Russia did not show any interest until the expansion. However, in the 1990s, the United States became obsessed with the robots of the Radian design bureaus at the same time, corrosive with the heavy material life of the ITP and today's "freedom", bought up a lot of rozrobok on the root (together with a lot of engineers). It’s totally imaginative that the ekranoplanes are in the future.

Opponents of ekranoplanes point to the fact that they outperformed them both in front of the aircraft, and in front of the ships, and at once the presence of short distances and others. In fact, their slipperiness is lower and lower, the lower one is for military-transport aircraft, and the radius is smaller. You can win only in ideal minds, for mayzha new daytime hvilyuvannya, which is rare on the sea. The maximum allowable hvilyuvannya for "Orlyatka" became 3 balls. The ekranoplan has nowhere to go in the face of a storm, which is raptly rose. What a short distance of screen flight was spared, the scarlet stench, having risen, becomes visible on radars. That ekranoplan is easy to strike from the satellite.

Ekranoplanes are more emergency. For KM, the screen effect stopped working at a height of over 14 meters. You need to fly at a borderline low altitude. It is easy to see what happens when you get sick at a speed of 400 km/year. Such accidents, vtim, traplelisya as іz dosvіdcheni, so і s already serial ekranoplans richly developed. Tse zmusilo hesitated at the prospects before the official application of work from them in the 80s.

Here it is, the time has long come to tell about the aircraft - what is it, what is the water vessel ...
On the cob of the 60s, the Union adopted a state program on ekranoplanes, which transfers the creation of new piloted self-propelled models, as well as the development of combat projects for the Navy and other slopes of the experimental ekranoplan.

At the 64-65th in the CCL, according to the SVK, the design of the unique KM ekranoplan was developed. The name of the KM means a model ship, but the machine was given a different name - the Caspian monster. The head designer of this ekranoplan buv R.Є. Aleksiev, leading designer - V.P. Efimov.

Zgіdima Wiznozhni, formulated by the "Timchasa Posnibnik zneki Ekranoplanіv", preceded by ІМО (M_Inzojaїniї): Ecranoplan - Kea Bagatoreglampornic, Yaka, in his own basic Extatamy regime, flies from Workistanists "Effect Effect" s nіy, and pіdtremuєtsya in pіtrі, leading rank, aerodynamic pіdёmnoy force, which is generated on the povіtryany creel (crills), corps, and or їх parts, recognized for vikoristannya dії "screen effect".

KM buv promising transport facility for viysk ta ryatuvalniks, prote yogo designing called for a lot of difficulties. For the documents, the ekranoplan passed like a ship Viyskovo-marine ensign SRSR, and being placed up to the Navy, oskіlki ekranniy ekranny effekt іє vysotі kіlkoh metreіv. Structurally, the wine was guessing an amphibian (type of string). Pilots-testers carried out the experimental apparatus.

Ekranoplan, which is being towed, on the roadstead of Gorky

On December 22, 1966, in front of the Svitanka, the world's largest lethal craft was launched from the Volzky pier. And then, for a month, drunk, drunk, covered with creel, covered with masculine netting, it was towed along the Volga from Gorky to the training ground near Kaspiysk. For the help of mystery, they went more importantly at night, in the day they stood.
The power plant for the KM ekranoplan was formed from 10 VD-7 turbojet engines with a thrust of over 11,000 kg. There were 8 engines on the front pylon, their tightness was mostly at the start. On the keel there were two more similar engines, enough to support the cruising regime.

The first pilot piloted the ekranoplan especially Aleksiev. The watering passed about 50 quills at a height of about 4 m. The tests were successful.
Torishny sickle of 1967, the ekranoplan KM flew with an golden carriage of 544 tons, having increased its speed of 455 km / year. This is an unofficial light record for lethal devices of that hour. Only a quarter of a century after the An-225 “Mriya” was beaten up!

Behind the words of eyewitnesses: “The sight of the polotiv groaned, the heart clenched at the suffocation of that pride. The roar of engines at the start, the fountains of the breeze. Then he himself will pour over the smooth water, calm and majestic.
KM buv experimental ekranoplan. Yogo tests have shown that ekranoplanes of such versatility can fly and fly miraculously. On the basis of the evidence taken during the testing of the KM, the ekranoplan-missile carrier Lun was prompted.

Ekranoplan "Lun" near Kaspiysk, 2010

... Testing of the KM took place in the Caspian Sea for 15 years, but the stench ended up too summarily. In the 1980s, the fate of the KM was to blame the crew for having recognized accidents and sinking (the crew vryatuvatisya). On the 20-meter milk water, the majestic tail of the Monster can still be seen over the Caspian Sea.

KM died in 10 months after the death of his head designer.
My special thought: the project is effective and beautiful, ale dead people. De i yak yogo passed vikoristati?
Will you?
Serve (totally) two elements - it is impossible!

Moscow has conducted advanced design work on the creation of a new generation of ekranoplanes - hybrids of a ship and a plane, which, if necessary, incited the American military aircraft. The stench can show up on the guards of the Viysk-Navy Fleet.
Albert Nikitin, the general director of the association "Cosmonautics to people", spoke about it at the joint meeting of experts for the sake of the committee of the State Duma for industry and fakhivtsiv of the League of Defense Enterprises.
In other words, in Russia, a project has been developed to create that victorious airfoil until 2050.

Vin guessed that at the construction of the Ministry of Defense, the design bureau named after Aleksiev carried out a scientifically proven work on the development of significant problematic nutrition in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of ekranoplanes, as well as the implementation of yoga. “The work is completed, it has been accepted by the military authorities, but the residual sighting of these ships has not been destroyed,” the expert said.

“Ekranoplanes are a brilliant development,” Volodymyr Gutenev, the first intercessor of the head of the Committee of the State Duma for Promise, supported my colleague. - “As a prolongation option, you can help and with assistance between Crimea and Russia, in other blinds. At the fall of the leaves, we will carry out a round table, in order to analyze the production line of the plant, to analyze its economic relevance and evaluate it, in some blinds, it is possible to grow it in the good of our country. We opratsyuєmo supply the need for the creation of ekranoplanes for the needs of national security. The stench can become in the good fortune of the Ministry of Defense through low memory and their swedishness.

Tі, scho to fly with hvili

Ekranoplan - without a list of "know-how" of Russian craftsmanship, as if to rob us not only as the first, but as one in the world, as if they had learned to master the technology of crossing the ship of that aircraft. The first one is the ekranoplan having reduced the vantageopidyomnist, the other one is the swidkist. In addition, the hybrid is environmentally friendly. On the vіdmіnu vіd zvichaynyh korablіv i vessels, vіn, like a flyer, fly over the water, not creating wind, like they can blast the coastline. Chi the building comes out on a non-possessed gentle shore, “fly” is required by ice or tundra.

The technology of ekranoplanes - vessels on dynamic air cushions was developed by Academician Rostislav Aleksiev for the same reason. Vessels, more similar to passenger planes, hovered over the sea at the height of the wind to the effect of an aerodynamic screen, which made it possible to develop a speed of hundreds of kilometers per year.

For the Radian hours, like and fore, the Viysks scurried ahead of them. The command of the Vіyskovo-Navy Fleet bobbed in the aircraft-ship that very trump card, which would allow minimizing the hegemony of the United States in the galleys of the aircraft carriers. Landing ekranoplan "Orlyatko", shock "Lun" small speed 500 km per year. For the sake of argument: US nuclear aircraft carriers won’t move 70 km a year. So, with all the bazhanni "flow" from the Russian flying ship, the stench simply could not. Launchings in 1986 roci "Lun" "litav" for 2 yew. km i nіs vantage at 140 tons.

sleepy opik

Ale, not only the speed made the "Lun" so unsafe for the American fleet. Supersonic missiles 3M80 "Moskit" became the head armor. On Months there were 6 pieces. For porivnyannya, the main noses of these missiles from the Radyansk Navy were destroyers 955 of the “Suchasny” type project. There are 8 ships on board. So, in the minds of an operational response to threats, what is blamed is not effective flooring like an ekranoplan.

Leather "Moskіt" rosemary from wine. Litaє on vіdstanі mayzhe 200 km. On the skin, a high-explosive nuclear warhead with a vag to pivtoni. The speed of the missiles is such that you can’t fire radars. In addition, the rocket constantly changes its height and directly flutters its flight above the water to the cunning “snake”, sharply picking up and dropping the height of the roblyach so called “girka”, as a result of which it becomes angry with the nasty sharpness.

Behind the words of the sailors, you can only remember the “Moskіt” under the side of the ship, if it’s already physically impossible to cheat in the air with the machine. For the swedishness, non-transferability of the flight, that ruinous mіts "Moskіt" was nicknamed "Sunburn" - "Sonyachny opіk" at Zakhodі. And the “Lun” itself is for reconciliation, as it is possible to compete with the destroyer - the “Caspian Monster” (testing of the ships took place in Radian hour on the Caspian Sea). Vtіm, beyond the waters of the Caspian Sea, the "monster" did not live, having lost one of the horror stories of the era of the cold war and the opposition to the Descent and Sunset.

Good old forget

“The topic of ekranoplanes has not gone beyond the scope of the experimental one,” Igor Kasatonov, a huge defender of the head of the Navy, explained to the ZIRKA TV channel. The admiral had caught offending ships, if he commanded the Black Sea Fleet of the SRSR, to what extent was attributed to the "Caspian Monsters". - Naygolovnіsha їhnya problem in naіynostі. In addition, it was not possible to understand the project’s varity, its efficiency is that dotsіlnіst, which determined the share of the ships.

Behind the words of Kasatonov, with the "paper-theoretical" beauty of the project, in practice, the ekranoplanes turned out to be extremely inefficient. In the post-traditional period, “Lun” and “Orlyatko” went to the “goals”. However, the idea of ​​a swedish large-scale maritime success is still in the minds of Russian stoners.

Volodymyr Gutenev is one of the enthusiasts of the unique direct birth of the shipbuilding, de Russia, the unparalleled leader of the world. Tim more, that the creation of ekranoplanes fit into the concept of "transport accessibility", which is actively pushed through by the squad the rest of the years. Її the essence of the creation is the possibility of a seamless relocation of the population of the region to її importantly accessible regions. Possibility of the ekranoplane is allowed to reach St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad, to cross the "continental" Russia with cordons, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and Vladivostok.

“This project is especially important for the development of Siberia, the Far Skhod and the brewery districts of the country,” Albert Nikitin affirmed. - Zokrema, on the Siberian rivers, near the coastal areas of Pivnichnogo sea way.

To the very same, the ekranoplanes are being worked out by designers today as a passenger transport. The most promising projects of these aircraft-ships can carry from 40 to 200 passengers, or from 50 to 600 tons, a flight capacity of 500 km per year and not be afraid of a 3-meter wind. Before the speech, there are no similar ships with a water tonnage of over 5 tons at Zahodі.

Narazi TsKL on ships on underwater wings named after Aleksiev develops the marine passenger ekranoplan "A-050", which can develop the speed of 450 km per year and take on board 100 passengers. Director General of the bureau Sergiy Platonov said that the preparation of the final approval of the passenger ekranoplan may be completed before 2017. At the request of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the company "Ekranoplanoplanobudivne" ORION "created the first working prototype of the ekranoplan "Sterkh-10". up to 20 osib.

Dream and reality

“Large-scale pre-construction robots from the“ great ”ekranoplanes were transferred to the state program of construction in 2016, but, without being lucid in sight, it’s splendidly, it’s not enough to spread such a robot, - even deputy Gutenev. For yoga words, it is necessary to correct, at least, three problem nutrition.

The first one lies in the fact that today there is even a high level of technical risks in the creation of ekranoplanes. For this, not only science is needed, but also the technical implementation of the possibility of this creation. The space of ekranoplanes was not assigned to the system of combat zastosuvannia of the Russian Defense Forces.

"Tse pov'yazano, persh for everything, to the creation of interspecies groupings of troops and forces," explains Gutenov. - The Ministry of Industry and Trade has developed a project for the development of airborne plans of military and civil recognition. This project is being implemented jointly by the Ministry of Defense, and the results of this operation will be praised for the remaining decisions on the decision of the DKR for the military department.

"Ekranoplan is more expensive to operate," said Admiral Igor Kasatonov. - "Lun", for example, slammed 8 aircraft engines. That same Kerch protoci wine is simply marny. There, I go from one bank to the other 30-40 hvilin. In addition, serious navigational activity, when launching a ship at a speed of 500 km per year, is not safe. In the military plan, the choice of such ships, for the presence of the enemy of tight space and radar capabilities for controlling space, aviation groupings, is also doubtful. The ekranoplane will not be allowed to turn around at the sea so as to quickly wave and begin to oppose - the admiral is naked.

Yak bi was not there, The prote effect of "dynamic pillows" is similar, seriously choking the minds of parliamentarians and designers.
Navіt akscho ekranoplani no more turn in Viyskovo-maritime fleet like drums alone, then the civil sector of the economy stinks to know its zastosuvannya.

For one thing, think that the new generation of aircraft-ships will become economical for their successors of the “Caspian monsters” of the SRSR.

"Caspian monster": the storm of the American fleet turns to the service of the Russian Navy

"KM" (Before ship- m aket), outside the cordon is also known as the "Caspian monster" - an experimental ekranoplan, razrobleniya in the design bureau R. Є. Aleksiev. Having served as the basis for the development of that creation of the ekranoplan-missile carrier "Lun" (1987).

History of creation

Viprobuvannya

In the first testing field, the KM ekranoplan was piloted by V. F. Loginov and R. E. Aleksiev. Further testing was carried out by experienced test pilots D. T. Garbuzov and V. F. Troshin. All these works were carried out at the system of the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry.

Testing of KM took place in the Caspian Sea for 15 years until 1980. In 1980, after the clemency of the KM piloting, having recognized an accident, there were no victims, the ekranoplan after the accident was still afloat, the prototype did not try to turn it around, after which it sank. No operations were carried out for the purpose of reinventing or distributing a new copy of the CM [ ] .

Tsіkavі facts

MOSCOW. 18 ver- RIA News, Andriy Stanavov. The reliability of heavy aircraft engines, the wall of a breeze and a large-tonnage machine that sails over the water with a nameless speed of up to 500 kilometers per year: in Russia, the production of richly hulled airfoils is growing. Above the projects are already working galuzevі design bureaus, moreover, they are created like lungs, and important rich machines. High vantageopidyomnіst, ekonomіchnіstі zdatnіst for lіchenі years vіdnіtі vіdstanі vіdstanі robіt ekranoplani indispensable for vyіrіshenіa wide range zavdanі, іncludіn іn combat. About those, why the technique is so tsikava viyskovym and on the building perspective ekranoplanes - in the material of RIA News.

Tі, scho to fly with hvili

For its capabilities, the ekranoplan can be found between ships and planes, together in their own best capacity. "Screen effect" strikes at the folded "reinforcement cushion" between the hull/wings of the machine and on the surface leads the flow, which is growing. Rising above the sea, the apparatus gains stability and building "kovzati" with a minimum vitratoy paliva. With whom the zamіst of the sea below can be, even if it is even on the surface - krizhane field, snіg chi step.

For economy and vantazhopidiomnistyu, ekranoplanes win in aircrafts and helicopters, and for swedishness - in ships on underwater wings. From the vіyskovoї point of view and the car's garni its incomprehensibility for radars. The device, which is to fly at a low altitude, invisible to enemy radars, at once sees contact with water, turns off detection by sonar and is able to run into a mine.

The main retailer of similar equipment in Russia is traditionally the Nizhny Novgorod Central Design Bureau named after Aleksiev - providne radyanske and rossijske priprijemstvo z designing ekranoplanes, ships on amphibious wings, ships on rebuilt caverns, ships The Bureau is engaged in a whole line of "crystal ships", among them the important ocean A-050 "Chaika-2", the building development of speed up to 450 kilometers per year, and to increase the speed to five thousand kilometers.

The weight of the apparatus is 54 tons, and the payload is nine tons, or 100 passengers, which, if necessary, can be replaced by marine infantrymen or special forces. Like launch engines, imovirno, the R-195 will be victorious (like on the Su-25 attack aircraft), and marchers - TV-7-117 (like on the Il-114). For the tribute of retailers, "Chaika-2" will fly up to 2022 - the preliminary project has been successfully completed and is now working on a technical look.

To equip the car with Russian avionics and a modern navigation and flight complex, you can independently get out on the unoccupied coastline with a flicker of five degrees, base on water and airfields. According to the stated characteristics, the ekranoplan is ideal for the Federal cordon service, the Ministry of Taxes and the Federal Tariff Service, patrolling the near coastal zone near the warehouse of the Russian Navy.

In addition, the Design Bureau named after Aleksiev is working on a more important machine - a large-scale transport ekranoplan A-080 "Chaika-3" with a weight of 100 tons.

Pre-service adventitious

Irrespective of those who do not advertise similar technology, it is obvious that the Ministry of Defense cannot deprive this posture of respect. Zokrema, the head of the department of shipbuilding of the Russian Navy, captain of the first rank Volodymyr Tryapichnikov, said at one of the exhibitions that the point "Development of ekranoplanes" will be switched on before the program of shipbuilding until 2050.

More than once sounded statements of concern to the Morinformsistema-Agat concern about carrying out a whole complex of scientifically advanced works with the method of "inscribe" the ekranoplane in the fleet management system of the future. Zokrem, "Chaika-2" was called even "promising for the Ministry of Defense" and propagated to fire with cruise missiles "BrahMos", turning it into a swedish strike combat complex. Tsіkavo, scho "Seagulls" zatsіkavivsya China, which in 2015 rozі navіt іnіtsіyuvav negotiating with Russia about the delivery of a few cars for the People's Volunteer Army.

Flying destroyer

Apparently, the SRSR had ekranoplanes already attached to deliver paratroopers and missiles, moreover, it was even more successful. Probably, the most beautiful sides in the history of military military air- craft manufacturing were projects 903 "Lun" and 904 "Orlyatko". The shares of the landing "Orlyatko" and the strike "Lunya" ("Caspian monster") are, however, tragic - the collapse of the SRSR and the shortage of pennies practically destroyed this kind of arsenal without a fight.

The gigantic "Lun" trembled at the Sunset as if only a secret car with marvelous "unearthly" contours was photographed by American companions-spies. Napіvlіtak-napіvіvіvіvіvіvіvіvіvіvkobel mаv nejmovirnі dimensions (dovzhina 73 metres, vysota 19 metreіv), fantastic speed 500 km/year and nіs on the basis of six launch containers with important anti-ship missiles ZM-80 "Moskity". "Lun" in a moment, with one volley, attacked the aircraft carrier of the United States grouping and, for shock intensification, was paired with a full-fledged missile cruiser, only shifting ten times more. The first flight of the ekranoplan was created in 1985 on the Caspian Sea.

"The theme of ekranoplanes has not gone beyond the scope of the experimental one," Igor Kasatonov, the chief intercessor of the head of the Navy, told the Zirka TV channel earlier. In addition, it was not possible to understand the cost of the project, its efficiency is that dotsіlnіst, which meant the share of the ships.”

The landing "Orlyatko" was smaller beyond the rozmіrom, mav the bow part, which can be seen on the side, and assigned to the Swedish transportation of troops and equipment - could accommodate up to 150 soldiers or two infantry fighting vehicles. Yogo began to be created back before M_syatsya, for example, the 60s. For military trials, three "Eagles" were prompted, since 1979 they were buried in the warehouse of the Navy.