Sumіshі ta ways їх podіlu scheme. G.I. Shtrempler, Professor of the Department of Chemistry and Methods of Education of the Saratov State University. Great leningrad library - abstract - ways to get crazy
As dispersed particles are seen properly from the middle, or it is necessary to illuminate the heterogeneous system in advance, such methods are vicorated as flocculation, flotation, classification, coagulation thinly.
Coagulation is the process of sticking of particles in colonic systems (emulsions and suspensions) with established aggregates. Zlipannya vіdbuvaєtsya naslidok zіtknennya chastok pіd hour brounіvskogo rush. Coagulation is brought to a mimic process, which is the right way to go to the camp, which can lower the free energy. Threshold of coagulation - the minimum concentration of the injected speech, which induces coagulation. Individually, coagulation can be accelerated by adding to the colonic system of special speech - coagulators, as well as adding to the system of the electric field (electrocoagulation), mechanical injection (vibration, remixing) then.
When coagulating, it is often added to a heterogeneous sum, which separates, chemical speech-coagulants, as if destroying the solvation of the shell, changing the diffuse part of the electric ball, the rotting of the surface of the particles. Zavdyaki tsomu feel better agglomeration of particles and agglomeration of aggregates. In this way, for the settlement of larger fractions of the dispersed phase, an accelerated settling of particles is accelerated. As coagulants zastosovuyut salt salts, aluminum or salts of other polyvalent metals.
Peptization is the process of reverse coagulation, which means the breakdown of aggregates into primary particles. Peptization is carried out for the help of adding speech-peptizers in the dispersion medium. This process spryyaє disaggregation of speech on the first part. Speech-peptizers can be either surface-active speech (PAR) or electrolytic, for example, humic acid or chlorine free. The process of peptization is victorious for the selection of rare dispersed systems of pastes or powders.
In its own way, flocculation is a variety of coagulation. During this process, the fine particles, which are found in the gas station in the gas or rare mediums, form plastic aggregates, which are called floccules. As a flocculant, retail polymers, for example, polyelectrolytes, are used. Rechovini, which make up the plastics during flocculation, can be easily seen for additional filtration or other. Flocculation of vicorist for the preparation of leading and seeing valuable speeches waste water, as well as with rich brown copalins. In times of water treatment, vicory flocculants are found at a low concentration (0.1 to 5 mg/l).
In order to blast the aggregates in rare systems, vicorous additives are used to induce charges on the particles, like moving them closer. This effect can be achieved by changing the pH of the medium. This method is called deflocculation.
Flotatsya - the process of firmly fencers of the girdrofiy particles of the fashes of the famberry blessings of the ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ryzdelo rodelo rods (surface of the dotics of the ribbashki, a system of billets, the same rare. This process is carried out not only in order to see the particles of the dispersed phase, but also for the separation of different particles due to their wetness. In the case of hydrophobicity, the particles are fixed on the interphase separation and water-creaming in the hydrophilic particles, which settle to the bottom. The best results of flotation are due to the fact that the size of the particles becomes 0.1 to 0.04 mm.
Flotation buvaє kіlkoh vidіv: pinna, oily, plіvkova thinly. The most extensive is the pinna flotation. This process allows the removal of particles, processed with reagents, on the surface of the water for help, the bulbs are repeated. Tse allows you to establish a pinnacle ball, the stability of which is regulated for the help of a pinner.
Classification of vicorist in the devices of the miner's cut. With help, it is possible to add a singing quantity of small particles to the main product, which is made up of large particles. Classification vikonuetsya for additional centrifuges and hydrocyclones zadyaki infusion of water center force.
Podil suspension with additional magnetic processing of the system in a more promising way. Water, as it is broken in a magnetic field, takes a trivial hour to change its power, for example, a reduced building, which is wet. This process allows you to intensify the suspension.
1. Fill in the gaps in the text, highlighting the words "components", "remarks", "two", "physical".
Sumish can be prepared by a way of mixing less than two speeches. The sums can be divided into different components for additional physical methods, which are based on the powers of the physical powers of the components.
2. Add a word.
a) The method of establishing foundations for because the particles hard speech to finish off the great stench, to sink to the bottom, and the homeland can be carefully angered from the siege.
b) The method of centrifugation of bases on dії vіdtsentrovої forces - more important particles settle, and the legends appear to the beast.
c) The method of filtering bases on passing the solid speech through the filter, where the solid particles are trimmed on the filter.
3. Insert a missing word:
a) borosno and tsukrovy pіsok - a sieve; sіrka i zalіzna tirsa - magnet.
b) water that sonyashnikova oliya - dililna virva; water and river dog-filter.
c) povitrya drank - respirator; povitrya that otruyny gas-absorbent.
4. Fold the list necessary possession for filtering.
a) paper filter
b) a glass bottle
c) glass virva
d) a clean glass
e) glass stick
f) tripod with foot
5. Laboratory certificate. Preparation of great and folded filters from filter paper or paper serving.
How do you know, through which filter of rozchines does the swidshe pass - the greatest number of warehouse parts? Why?
Through the folding - the area of \u200b\u200bzіtknennya filtruvannya is greater, lower at the sizable filter.
6. Promote the ways to subtract the sums assigned to table 16.
Ways to subdue such sumishes
7. Domashniy dosvid. Adsorption of activated waters to barvniks in Pepsi-Koli.
Reactivation and possession: gassing drink, active vugillya; saucepan, virva, filter paper, electric (gas) stove.
Head robots. Pour a glass of water (100 ml) of carbonated water into a saucepan. Give them 5 tablets of activated vogill. Heat the pan for 10 minutes on the stove. Vidfiltrayte vugillya. Explain the results to the point.
Rozchin znebarvivsya for rahunannya barvnikiv for the help of activated vugillya.
8. Home report. Adsorption of odorous speeches with corn sticks.
Reactive and possessed: corn sticks, perfume and cologne; 2 same glass jars with lids.
Head robots. At two glass jars dripping on splotches of perfume. Put 4-5 corn sticks in one 3 jars. Cover the cans with caps. A jar, in which there are corn sticks, troch chickens. For what?
Improved dryness of adsorption.
Open offended banks. Explain the results to the point.
At the jar, de buli corn sticks, there was no smell, the shards of it adsorbed the smell of perfumes.
Here is the name of various chemical systems. Divide them into: sumish; pure speech and right words.
distilled water
Sea water
Kisen
Sriblo
Rosemary to sodium chloride for injections
Voden
Chavun
carbon dioxide gas
Povitrya
Basalt
Sklo
Emulsion "oil by the water"
Lead
Promote the ways to subdue sumishes: a) water and sand; b) the village that zalizne tirsu; c) water and ink; d) water and naphtha.
Pure speech and sumish.
AT everyday life the skin of us sticks with the impersonal summation of speeches; It is important to take into account the difference between the data of understanding and the importance of distinguishing between specific signs, for which you can right: pure chi silted speech, individual speech chi sumish speech. Even if a person wants to live in less than that water, so as not to avenge shkidlivyh houses. Dihati mi want to repeat, not zabrudnem shkidlivami for health gases. In medicine and virobnitstv medicinal preparations The problem of the selection of pure speeches is especially topical.
Learn from the main terms of the lesson.
Sumish- Tse those who are settled when two are mixed and more than others for the power of speeches.
Speech to make sumish, call components. For example, again - a sum of gases: nitrogen, sour, carbon dioxide and others.
If the mass of one component is dozens of times less than the mass of the other component of the sum, then it is called house. To say that the speech is muddled. For example, again, it may be sullied with fumes, the product of an incompetent combustion of organic pollutants, and gasoline. Before speech, gasoline is the sum of organic speeches - carbohydrates.
CLASSIFICATION OF SUMISHIV
Sumіshі vіdіznyayutsya one kind of one for old-fashioned look. For example, salty water (sumish kitchen salt and water) and sumish river dog and water. In the first phase, it is not possible to treat between the phases of the solid-rіdke. Such sumish is called homogeneous (or homogeneous). The other butts of similar sumishes are ocet (sumish of octic acid and water), in addition, tsukrovy syrup.
The sum of river squeaks and waters can be brought to heterogeneous (or heterogeneous) sums, tk. the warehouse of such a sumish is not the same at different points of contact. Heterogeneous and sumish clay and water, gasoline and water.
Basically, everything that leaves us is a sum of speeches. More than that, speeches, yak absolutely do not avenge the house, do not.
But it’s customary to talk about the clear purity of speech, tobto. Speech mayut a different degree of purity.
Steps of speech purity
As houses do not appear when speaking in technical purposes, speech is called technically clean. For example, a speech, like a violet ink, maybe a mother at her warehouse house. Ale, yakshcho tsі domіshki nіyak not vplyvayut on the quality of the ink, it's technically cleaner.
As houses do not show up for additional chemical reactions, speech can be brought up to chemically clean. For example, distilled water.
Signs of singularity of speech
Pure speech is sometimes called individual speech, because vono may strictly sing power. For example, only distilled water has a melting point of 0 C, a boiling point of 100 C and does not taste the smell.
And why do the powers of the speeches of the sumish change? Schob vіdpovisti on the food chain, we will conduct a simple dosvіd. Zmіshaєmo powders of sirka that zalіza. We know that the sun is attracted by a magnet, but the sirka is not. Chi saved his power after zmіshuvannya іz serkoy?
VISNOVOK: The power of speeches does not change among sumishi. Knowing about the power of the components in the summish is victorious for the subdivision of the summish and the purification of speeches.
Methods for subdilu sumishes and purification of speeches
Significantly, there is a difference between “methods of subduing sums” and “methods of cleaning up speeches”. At the first vipadka it is important to take into clean looking all warehouse summish components. When the speech is cleaned, the clean-looking house, as a rule, is not taken away from the clean-looking house.
VІDSTOYUVANNYA
How to add summish, what is made up of that clay? This is one of the stages in ceramic manufacturing (for example, in manufacturing pots). For a subdivision of such sumish vikoristovuyut method vіdstoyuvannya. Sumish is placed near the water and mixed. Clay and pisok with different swirls settle near the water. To that pіsok settled significantly more for clay (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Podіl sіmіshі clay аnd pіsku а method of stoyuvannya
The method of extracting the vicorist is the same for the subdivision of summaries of indistinct in water solid speeches from different cracks. For example, in this way it is possible to divide the sum of the flood and tirsi (the village of tirsa is near the water, and the flood is settled).
Sumish dewy olive and the water can be divided by the method of distillation, the shards of oil do not separate from the water and there is a small amount (Small. 2). In this order, you can separate the sums of indistinct ones one in one into a single country with a different number.
Rice. 2. Podіl sumіshi olії olії ta vіd vodі by vodstoyuvannya
Filtration bath
To add a sum of kitchen salt and river piska, you can speed it up using the filtration method (if you mix with water, the strength will be separated, the pisok settles), but more importantly, you will add pisok to the salt distribution by another method - the filtration method.
Filtration of sums of money can be carried out with the help of a paper filter and virvi, lowered into a bottle. Grains of pisku are left on the filtering paper, and the gaps of kitchen salt are passed through the filter. AT to this particular type river pisok - tse siege, and rose salt - filtrate (Mal. 3).
Rice. 3. Selection of the filtering method for water cremation of river sand in the form of salt
Filtration can be carried out not only with the help of filter paper, but also with other porous or sipky materials. For example, quartz sand is brought up to dry materials, and scorched clay is up to porous materials.
Deyakі sumishi can be divided for the additional hot filtering method. For example, a sum of powdered sirka and a hall. Salt melts at a temperature of over 1500 C, and sirka - close to 120 C. Melted sirka can be watered into the powder of the siding for additional slander, which is heated.
Do you know how to find ways to get crazy? Don't rush out of negative feedback. Many of them you see in your daily activities.
Pure speech: what is it?
Atoms, molecules, speech and sumish - these are the main chemical concepts. What do stinks mean? Table D. I. Mendeliev 118 chemical elements. Tse different types elementary particles - atoms. The stench is different among themselves.
Z'ednuyuchis mіzh themselves, atoms utavlyayut molecules or speech. Stop, stalking among yourself, making up your mind. Pure speeches may be a post-yny warehouse and power. These are homogeneous structures. Ale їх can be distributed in warehouses to see the chemical reactions.
Vcheni assert that there are practically no pure speeches in nature. The number of houses is insignificant in the skin. To the fact that most of the speeches are energized by activity. Navіt threw, zanurenі near the water, razchinyayutsya at them only on equal ionіv.
The warehouse of pure speeches is always immutable. Change yoga is simply impossible. So, even in the molecule of carbon dioxide, the amount of carbon is increased, or sour, which is already known as another speech. And in total you can change the number of components. Why change її warehouse, but the fact of іsnuvannya.
What is crazy
The collection of many speeches is called sumish. The stench can be two kinds. If we call the components in the sum of the non-virgin, they are called homogeneous, or homogeneous. There is one more name, as it is most often stagnant at the pobuty - rozchin. The components of such a sum cannot be added by physical methods. For example, you can’t get out of the salt rosette mechanically to draw crystals, like in a new rosette. In nature, they grow like rare differences. So, again - this is a homogeneous gas-like sum, and an alloy of metals is solid.
In heterogeneous or heterogeneous sums, there are small particles of commemoration with an unbroken eye. The stench v_dr_znyayutsya one vіd one storehouse and power. Tse means that it is possible to create them one by one in a purely mechanical way. Popelyushka miraculously ran into such zavdannya, like an evil stepmother zmusila vodokremiti sourdough peas.
Chemistry: ways to get crazy
In the wake of that nature, there is a majestic number of sumishes. How to choose the right way of your podіlu? Vіn obov'yazkovo can be founded on the physical power of the other components. If speeches vary in boiling point, then evaporation with a further crystallization, as well as distillation, will be effective. Such ways to zastosovuyt for semi-homogeneous rozchinіv. For a subdivision of heterogeneous sums of vicorists, there is a difference in the other powers of their warehouses: thickness, moisture, rozchinnost, rozmirah, magnetism thinly.
Physical ways to get crazy
With the addition of components in the sum, the warehouse of speeches does not change. To that it is impossible to name the way to get crazy by the chemical process. So, with a path of water, filtering and infusion with a magnet, it is possible to separate the other components mechanically. At the laboratory, when vicory, different accessories are used: dilina virva, filter paper, magnetic smug. Tse ways to subdile heterogeneous sums.
Prosіyuvannya
Tsey way is, perhaps, the simplest. Behind him, I know a leather housekeeper. Establishment of wines on the identity of the rozmirs of the zhorst components in the sum. Prosіyuvannya zastosovuєtsya at pobutі at vіddіlennі borosna vіd domіshok, larvae clods and raznomanіtnyh zabrudnen. This method of cleaning grains of cereals from a third-party smitt has such a method for the agricultural svodar. Alarm clocks ask sumish pisku and gravel.
Vіdstoyuvannya
Tsej sposіb podіlu sumish zastosovuєtsya for components from different fields. Having drank the pisok near the water, it is necessary to mix it up well and deprive it for a deaky hour. Those same can be robiti from the sum of the waters of that dewy olive or oil. Pisok settled to the bottom. And the axis of oliya, now, is chosen by the beast. Such a way is borne by nature. For example, soot falls from the dim, from the fog - dew drops. And if you deprive yourself of homemade milk for nothing, then you can pick up tops in the morning.
Filtration bath
Fans of brewed tea will stop by this method every day. To go about filtering - a way to subdue the sums, foundations on the different diversity of the components. Reveal that the thyrsus and the sil have drank the water. Large indistinct particles get stuck on the filter. And the strength of the crisis has been expanded. The principle of this method is the basis of robotic piloses, respiratory masks and gauze bandages.
Diya with a magnet
Promote the way to the bottom of the sums of powders in the sirka and the hall. Zvichayno, the whole thing is a magnet. Chi all threw buildings to what? Call me. Behind the stage of spontaneity there are three groups of speeches. For example, gold, copper and zinc do not attach to a magnet. The stench enters to the group of diamagnets. Magnesium, platinum and aluminium, are used for weak sprays. And from the beginning to the warehouse, feromagnets are included, then this method will be the most efficient. Before them one can see, for example, gold, cobalt, nickel, terbium, holmium, thulium.
Viparyuvannya
What is the way to subdue the sums of pidide for a uniform water supply? Tse evaporation. As if you have only a little salty water, but you need clean water, you won’t be immediately embarrassed. It is necessary to heat sumish to boiling temperature. As a result, the water evaporates. And on the day of the dishes you will see the crystals of the arranged speech. In order to take water, it is necessary to condense it - to transfer from a gas-like mill to a rare one. For this bet, they cool down, sticking on the surface with a lower temperature and dripping off the prepared container.
Crystallization
The scientific term has a broader meaning. Tse is not just a way of obtaining pure speeches. For its nature, crystals are icebergs, minerals, brushes and tooth enamel.
Їхнє growth is considered for the manifestness of the same minds. The crystals are molded as a result of cooling down or overheating of the bet, and then the temperature is not to blame for the change. Otzhe, the deacons of the borderline minds are at hand. As a result, the center of crystallization is blamed, which is how the atoms of the source, the melt, the gas and the warehouse are chosen.
distillation
Singing, chili about water, yak call it distilled. Tsya cleared homeland is necessary for preparation medicinal products, laboratory studies, cooling systems The stinks are called distillers.
Distillation is a way to subdue sums of speeches from different boiling temperatures. In a translation from the Latin term, it means "dropping with drops". To help him, for example, you can name alcohol and water from a variety. The first speech begins to boil at a temperature of +78 about C. The alcohol steams at a distance condense. Well, water will be lost from a rare sight.
In a similar way, products of refining are removed from oil: gasoline, gas, gas oil. The whole process is a chemical reaction. Naphtha is subdivided into fractions, the skin can control the boiling temperature. Vіdbuvaєtsya tse kіlka stages. The primary separation of oil is being built up. They clean the associated gas, mechanical houses and water vapor. At the onset stage of withdrawal, the product is placed near the rectification colony and the heating is started. Price and є atmospheric distillation of oil. At temperatures less than 62 degrees, excess associated gas evaporates. Heating the sum up to 180 degrees, removing gasoline fractions, up to 240 - gas, up to 350 - diesel fuel. Excessive thermal processing of naphtha and fuel oil, which is like a vicarious material.
Chromatography
Tsey method otrimav name on the nickname of the great, which is the most powerful vikoristav yoga. Yogo's name was Mikhailo Semyonovich Kolir. The first method was applied for the under-pigmentation of roslin. And literally, chromatography is transferred from the Greek movie like "I write in color." Let’s leave out the filtering papyrus for sumish water and ink. The first time to get in again. Tse zumovleno raznym step adsorbuyuchih power. With this, diffusion and that stage of diversity are also protected.
Adsorption
Acts of speech may be able to attract molecules of a different kind. For example, we accept active vugillya when otruennі, schob get rid of toxins. For this process, the surface is divided between two phases.
This way to stop at the chemical industry when benzene is seen from gaseous sums, purification of rare products of naphtha processing, their purification from houses.
Also, at the statistics, we looked at the main ways to get crazy. Lyudina vikoristova єх like a pobutі, so in on an industrial scale. Choose the method to deposit in the form of sumish. p align="justify"> An important factor is the peculiarity of the physical powers of the components. For subdivision, for some other parts, visually indistinguishable, vicorist methods of evaporation, crystallization, chromatography and distillation. How many components can be distinguished, such sums are called heterogeneous. For їх podіlu zastosovuyut ways of vіdstoyuvannya, filtruvannya that with a magnet.
Pure speechto take revenge on the parts of only one kind. Butts can buti srіblo (revenge only atom srіbla), sulfuric acid and carbon oxide ( IV) (let alone the molecules of similar speeches). Mustache of pure speech may have post-physical power, for example, the melting point (T pl ) that boiling point ( T kip ).
Speech is not clean, as if to revenge whether there were a few of one or a few other speeches -house.
Zabrudnennya lower the freezing temperature and increase the boiling point of pure water. For example, if you add strength to the water, the freezing temperature will decrease.
Sumish add up in two or more speeches. Soil, sea water, povіtrya - put some small sums. Bagato sumishi can be divided into warehouse parts - components - On the basis of the authority of their physical powers.
Traditional methods that are victorious in laboratory practice with the method of subdivision of sums on okremi components, є:
filtering,
with further decantation,
podіl for help dililnoy virvi,
centrifugation,
vaporization,
crystallization,
distillation (including fractional distillation),
chromatography,
sublimation and others.
Filtration. For water-reinforcement, it is necessary to filter the water in the presence of other solid particles(Fig.37) , then. protsidzhuvannya rіdini through porous materials -filters, yakі pass the homeland and trim particles on its surface. The Motherland, which passed through the filter and swelled in the form of solid houses that were known in it, is called filtrate.
Laboratory practice often gets stucksmooth and folded parts of paper filters(Fig.38) from unglued filter paper.
For filtering hot roses (for example, with the method of recrystallization of salts), put in a specialvirva for hot filtering(Fig.39) with electric or water heating).
Stop frequentlyfiltration under vacuum. Filtering under a vacuum vicorist to speed up filtering and more complete siege of the siege. Therefore, the method is to select an attachment for filtering under vacuum (Fig.40) . Vin is cumulativeBunsen's Colby, Buechner's Porcelain Whirl, Foreign Flask and Vacuum Pump(sound the water jet).
At the time of filtering the suspension of low-dilution salt, the crystals of the remaining can be washed with distilled water on the Buchner whirlpool for a remote surface separation. For tsієї meti vikoristovuyut washing machine(Fig.41) .
Decantation. Rіdini can be water-reinforced in the form of indistinct hard particlesdecantation(Fig.42) . This method can be zastosovuvati, as a hard speech can have a greater strength, a lower motherland. For example, if you add a river squeak to a flask with water, then when you settle down on the bottom of the flask, more squeaky squeak, lower water. Then the water can be watered up in the sky just pouring. This method is used to subtly add to the filtrate and is called decantation.
centrifugation.D in order to speed up the process of removing even more fine particles, which are used in the native stalk suspensions or emulsions, the vicorist method centrifugation. With this method, it is possible to separate sums of rare and hard speeches, which are challenged for schіlnistyu. Podіl be held in manual or electric centrifuges(Fig.43) .
Podіl dvoh rіdin, scho do not hesitate, weave a difference of strength and do not satisfy stable emulsions,you can help for the help of a long wind (Fig.44) . So you can distribute, for example, sumish benzene and water. Ball of benzene = 0.879 g/cm 3 ) roztashovuetsya over the ball of water, as if there is a great schіlnіst ( = 1.0 g/cm 3 ). Opening the valve of the dilute virvi, you can carefully pour the lower ball and cremate one home from the outside.
Viparyuvannya(Fig.45) - this method of transferring the difference between a retailer, for example, leads to a difference in the process of heating yoga in a porcelain bowl. With this, the motherland, which is vaporized, is seen, and the speech is loosened at the vaporization cup.
Crystallization- The process of seeing crystals of hard speech when cooled, for example, after evaporation. A trace of remembrance, that great crystals are established with a certain chilling. When chilled (for example, when cooled by running water), crystals are settling.
Distillation- a method of cleaning the speech of the foundations on the vaporization of the rіdini during heating with a further condensation of vapors that have been established. Purification of water from different salts (or other speeches, for example, farbuy) is called distillation distillation, and the purified water itself is distilled.
Fractional distillation(Fig.46) zastosovuєtsya for a subdivision of sumishes at different temperatures of boiling. The country with a lower boiling temperature boils faster and earlier to pass through fractional column(otherwisedephlegmator). If the homeland reaches the top of the fractional column, then it will sink intofridge, cooled by water and throughallongeget inprimach(flask or test tube).
Fractional distillation can be divided, for example, sum ethanol and water. Boiling point of ethanol 78 0 Z, and drive 100 0 С.
Likuvannya - The method of zastosovuetsya for the purification of speeches, the building for an hour of heating, go from a solid state to a gas-like state, bypassing a rare state. They gave a steam of speech, which are being cleansed, condensed, and the houses, not building up, are being watered.
